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Bei der Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen liegt Ostdeutschland vorn

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  • Elke Holst
  • Anna Wieber

Abstract

Almost a quarter of a century after the fall of the Wall, there are still more women in employment in eastern Germany than in the west. Admittedly, the difference is marginal now but the two regions started from dramatically different levels. Immediately after reunification (1991), the employment rate for women in western Germany was 54.6 percent but since then, this has increased year on year, reaching 67.5 percent in 2012. In eastern Germany, female employment initially plummeted after the fall of the Wall but then sharply increased again and, at 69.1 percent, exceeded the western German rate in 2012. In both parts of the country, women are more likely to work part-time today than in the past although, at 27.8 hours per week, the actual volume of work carried out by eastern German women is considerably higher than in the west (21.7 hours). According to a study conducted by DIW Berlin using Socio- Economic Panel (SOEP) data, however, many women would prefer to work more hours per week. A comparison of the desired, agreed, and actual weekly working hours of women in the east and west of the country shows that, on average, for eastern German women, all values in these three categories far exceed even the maximum values for western German women. In contrast, the majority of employed men would like to work a 40-hour week but this is a reality for only 22.6 percent of western German and 29.2 percent of eastern German men. The majority work longer hours despitethe fact that this is unpopular among men. The post-reunification changes had a significant impact on the lifestyle of couples with children: the modern breadwinner model (full-time father/part-time mother) is playing an increasing role in both parts of Germany - in western Germany, this has been at the expense of the sole breadwinner model (father as sole earner) and, in the east, at the expense of the equality model (both parents working full-time). Auch fast ein Vierteljahrhundert nach dem Mauerfall liegt die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen in Ostdeutschland immer noch höher als in Westdeutschland. Der Abstand ist heute allerdings gering. Gestartet sind die beiden Regionen von höchst unterschiedlichen Niveaus. Im Westen lag die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen kurz nach der Wende (1991) bei 54,6 Prozent und ist seitdem von Jahr zu Jahr auf 67,5 Prozent (2012) gestiegen. In Ostdeutschland ging sie nach der Wende zunächst massiv zurück, stieg dann aber wieder deutlich an und lag 2012 mit 69,1 Prozent leicht höher als im Westen. In beiden Teilen Deutschlands arbeiten Frauen häufiger in Teilzeit als früher, im Osten lag der tatsächliche Arbeitsumfang mit 27,8 Wochenstunden 2013 aber deutlich höher als im Westen (21,7 Stunden). Viele von ihnen, das zeigt die Studie des DIW Berlin auf Grundlage des SOEP, würden gern mehr Wochenstunden leisten. Vergleicht man die gewünschte, vereinbarte und tatsächliche Wochenarbeitszeit von Frauen in Ost und West, so liegen in der Durchschnittsbetrachtung die ostdeutschen Frauen in allen drei Kategorien über dem höchsten Wert aller Arbeitszeitgrößen im Westen. Die meisten erwerbstätigen Männer in Ost und West wollten 2013 hingegen 40 Wochenstunden arbeiten, tatsächlich tun dies aber im Westen nur 22,6 Prozent und im Osten 29,2 Prozent. Die meisten sind länger erwerbstätig; obwohl lange Arbeitszeiten auch bei den Männern unbeliebt sind. Die Veränderungen nach der Wende hatten erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Lebensformen in Paarhaushalten mit Kindern: Das modernisierte Ernährermodell (Vater Vollzeit / Mutter Teilzeit) hat in beiden Teilen Deutschlands an Gewicht hinzugewonnen – in Westdeutschland auf Kosten des Alleinernährermodells (Vater Alleinverdiener), im Osten auf Kosten des Egalitätsmodells mit zwei Vollzeitbeschäftigten.

Suggested Citation

  • Elke Holst & Anna Wieber, 2014. "Bei der Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen liegt Ostdeutschland vorn," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 81(40), pages 967-975.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwwob:81-40-5
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    Cited by:

    1. Beblo, Miriam & Görges, Luise, 2015. "Breaking down the wall between nature and nurtureː An exploration of gendered work preferences in East and West Germany," WiSo-HH Working Paper Series 26, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, WISO Research Laboratory.
    2. Michael Wyrwich, 2022. "Historical episodes and their legacies across space: A famous case revisited," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 62(4), pages 1048-1091, September.
    3. Wanger, Susanne, 2015. "Frauen und Männer am Arbeitsmarkt: Traditionelle Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmuster sind nach wie vor verbreitet (Women and men in the labour market : traditional employment and working time patterns cont," IAB-Kurzbericht 201504, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    4. Sascha Drahs & Ulrich Schneider & Philipp Schrauth, 2015. "Geplante und tatsächliche Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern," DIW Roundup: Politik im Fokus 64, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    5. Michael Wyrwich, 2017. "Woman and the labour market in East and West Germany: Socialist legacy and pre-socialist tradition," Jena Economics Research Papers 2017-015, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena.
    6. Helmut Rainer & Clara Albrecht & Stefan Bauernschuster & Anita Fichtl & Timo Hener & Joachim Ragnitz & Anita Dietrich, 2018. "Deutschland 2017 - Studie zu den Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger im vereinigten Deutschland," ifo Forschungsberichte, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 96, October.
    7. Verena Tobsch & Elke Holst, 2019. "Potenziale unfreiwilliger Teilzeit in Deutschland," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 1032, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    8. Arthur Kaboth & Lena Hünefeld & Ralf Himmelreicher, 2023. "Employment trajectories of workers in low-skilled jobs in Western Germany," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 57(1), pages 1-17, December.
    9. Christina Boll & Malte Jahn & Andreas Lagemann, 2018. "The gender lifetime earnings gap—exploring gendered pay from the life course perspective," Journal of Income Distribution, Ad libros publications inc., vol. 25(1), pages 1-53, March.
    10. Görges, Luise & Beblo, Miriam, 2015. "Breaking down the wall between nature and nurture: An exploration of gendered work preferences in East and West Germany," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 112825, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    11. Christina Boll & Malte Jahn & Andreas Lagemann, 2017. "The gender lifetime earnings gap—exploring gendered pay from the life course perspective," Journal of Income Distribution, Ad libros publications inc., vol. 25(1), pages 1-53, March.
    12. Torsten Lietzmann, 2017. "The Contribution of Mothers’ Employment on Their Family's Chances of Ending Welfare Benefit Receipt in Germany. Analysis of a Two-Stage Process," Sociological Research Online, , vol. 22(2), pages 142-162, May.
    13. Wyrwich, Michael, 2019. "Women and the labour market in East and West Germany: The role of socialist legacy and pre-socialist tradition," VfS Annual Conference 2019 (Leipzig): 30 Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall - Democracy and Market Economy 203572, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    14. Lietzmann, Torsten & Wenzig, Claudia, 2017. "Arbeitszeitwünsche und Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern: Welche Vorstellungen über die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie bestehen (Working Time Preferences and Maternal Employment: Attitudes towards rec," IAB-Kurzbericht 201710, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    15. Verena Tobsch & Wenzel Matiaske & Elke Holst & Tanja Schmidt & Hartmut Seifert, 2018. "Mehr oder weniger arbeiten? Es kommt darauf an, wie man fragt: Methodische Aspekte der Präferenzmessung gewünschter Arbeitszeiten," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 960, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Labor supply; labor market participation; working time; working time preferences; East Germany; West Germany; modernized breadwinner model;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J12 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

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