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Between the colonial heritage and the first globalization boom: on income inequality in the Southern Cone

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  • Bértola, Luis
  • Castelnovo, Cecilia
  • Rodríguez, Javier
  • Willebald, Henry

Abstract

This paper presents a first estimate of income inequality in the Southern Cone of South America (Brazil 1872 and 1920, Chile 1870 and 1920, Uruguay 1920) and some assumptions with regard to Argentina (1870 and 1920) and Uruguay (1870). We find that income distribution was relatively high on the eve of the first globalization boom. Thus, inequality is not only the result of globalization, but also a structural feature. Inequality increased between 1870 and 1920, both within individual countries and between countries. Globalization forces do not result in obvious outcomes. Rather, the effect of globalization on inequality depends on the expansion of the frontier and institutional persistence and change in old and new areas. Inequality was clearly high in the wake of the globalization process. This was a particular kind of inequality, which was part of a set of institutions closely linked to the exports of primary goods, sluggish technological change and limited human capital formation. Este artículo presenta una primera estimación de la distribución del ingreso en el Cono Sur de Sudamérica (Brasil 1872 y 1920, Chile 1870 y 1920, Uruguay 1920) y algunos supuestos sobre la desigualdad en Argentina 1870 y 1920, así como en Uruguay en 1870. Encontramos que la distribución del ingreso era relativamente alta en los albores de la primera globalización, por lo que la desigualdad del ingreso no solamente debe ser vista como el resultado de la globalización, sino como una característica estructural. La desigualdad aumentó entre 1870 y 1920, tanto dentro de cada país como entre los países del Cono Sur. Las fuerzas de la globalización no generan resultados obvios. Por el contrario, el impacto de la globalización sobre la desigualdad depende de la expansión de la frontera y de la persistencia y el cambio institucional en las viejas áreas y en las nuevas. La desigualdad fue particularmente alta al culminar la globalización. Se trató de una forma particular de desigualdad, que formó parte de un conjunto de instituciones estrechamente vinculadas a una economía exportadora de bienes primarios, con escaso desarrollo tecnológico y bajos niveles de formación de capital humano.

Suggested Citation

  • Bértola, Luis & Castelnovo, Cecilia & Rodríguez, Javier & Willebald, Henry, 2010. "Between the colonial heritage and the first globalization boom: on income inequality in the Southern Cone," Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 28(2), pages 307-341, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:cup:reveco:v:28:y:2010:i:02:p:307-341_00
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    Blog mentions

    As found by EconAcademics.org, the blog aggregator for Economics research:
    1. Chile’s First Globalisation: Inequality, Frontier Expansion, and Immigration
      by pseudoerasmus in Pseudoerasmus on 2015-04-24 16:03:26

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    Cited by:

    1. Javier Rodríguez Weber, 2018. "Alta desigualdad en América Latina: desde cuándo y por qué," Documentos de trabajo 51, Programa de Historia Económica, FCS, Udelar.
    2. Henry Willebald & Javier Juambeltz, 2018. "Land Frontier Expansion in Settler Economies, 1830–1950: Was It a Ricardian Process?," Palgrave Studies in Economic History, in: Vicente Pinilla & Henry Willebald (ed.), Agricultural Development in the World Periphery, chapter 17, pages 439-466, Palgrave Macmillan.
    3. Luz María Uhthoff López, 2017. "La reconstrucción de la administración pública, las comisiones estatales, y el papel de los nuevos cuadros de especialistas durante la posrevolución en México," Revista Economía, Fondo Editorial - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, vol. 40(80), pages 223-249.
    4. Leticia Arroyo Abad & Pablo Astorga Junquera, 2017. "Latin American earnings inequality in the long run," Cliometrica, Springer;Cliometric Society (Association Francaise de Cliométrie), vol. 11(3), pages 349-374, September.
    5. Baten, Joerg & Llorca-Jaña, Manuel, 2021. "Inequality, low-intensity immigration and human capital formation in the regions of Chile, 1820-1939," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
    6. Bas van Leeuwen & Peter Foldvari, 2012. "The development of inequality and poverty in Indonesia, 1932-1999," Working Papers 0026, Utrecht University, Centre for Global Economic History.
    7. Jordi Caum‐Julio, 2024. "Can colonial institutions explain differences in labour returns? Evidence from rural colonial India," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 77(1), pages 288-316, February.
    8. Guillermo Lezama & Henry Willebald, 2020. "Inequality in Pre‐Income Survey Times: A Methodological Proposal," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 66(4), pages 931-957, December.
    9. Pablo Astorga, 2015. "Functional Inequality in Latin America: News from the Twentieth Century," Oxford University Economic and Social History Series _135, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford.
    10. Pedro H. G. Ferreira de Souza, 2018. "A history of inequality: top incomes in Brazil, 1926–2015," Working Papers 167, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
    11. Henry Willebald, 2013. "Distributive patterns in settler economies: agrarian income inequality during the first globalization (1870-1913)," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 13-05, Instituto de Economía - IECON.
    12. Pablo Astorga, 2023. "Income Share of the Top 10%, the Middle 50% and the Bottom 40% in Latin America: 1920-2011," Working Papers 0244, European Historical Economics Society (EHES).
    13. Pablo Astorga, 2015. "Functional Inequality in Latin America: News from the Twentieth Century," Oxford Economic and Social History Working Papers _135, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
    14. Enriqueta Camps & Stanley L. Engerman, 2016. "The Impact of Race and Inequality on Human Capital Formation in Latin America During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries," Working Papers 885, Barcelona School of Economics.
    15. Galli, Stefania & Theodoridis, Dimitrios & Rönnbäck, Klas, 2023. "Economic inequality in Latin America and Africa, 1650 to 1950: can a comparison of historical trajectories help to understand underdevelopment?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 113838, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    16. Gazeley, Ian & Holmes, Rose & Lanata Briones, Cecilia & Newell, Andrew T. & Reynolds, Kevin & Rufrancos, Hector Gutierrez, 2018. "Latin American Household Budget Surveys 1913-1970 and What They Tell Us about Economic Inequality among Households," IZA Discussion Papers 11430, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    17. Javier E. Rodríguez Weber, 2017. "Nuevas estimaciones de distribución del ingreso en Colombia entre 1938 y 1988. Metodología de estimación y principales resultados," Revista Cuadernos de Economia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, FCE, CID, vol. 36(72), October.
    18. Jeffrey G. Williamson, 2015. "Latin American Inequality: Colonial Origins, Commodity Booms, or a Missed 20th Century Leveling?," NBER Working Papers 20915, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    19. Henry Willebald, 2014. "Land-abundance, frontier expansion and the hypothesis of appropriability revisited from an historical perspective: settler economies during the First Globalization," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 14-14, Instituto de Economía - IECON.
    20. Renato Colistete & Maria Lucia Lamounier, 2014. "Land Inequality in a Coffee Economy: São Paulo During the Early Twentieth Century," Working Papers, Department of Economics 2014_01, University of São Paulo (FEA-USP).
    21. Paula Castillo Vera, 2017. "La desigualdad de ingresos en el Perú según el censo de 1876," Revista Economía, Fondo Editorial - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, vol. 40(79), pages 181-216.

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