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Income convergence among U.S. states: crosssectional and time series evidence

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  • Jac C. Heckelman

Abstract

We perform convergence tests on the U.S. states for per capita income from 1930 to 2009. Crosssectional tests support overall convergence and convergence but may not hold true for the last three decades. Time series tests suggest that about half of the states exhibit stochastic convergence and of these all are also converging. Probit regressions reveal that the likelihood a state is converging is a function of changing capital to labour ratios, the size of the agricultural sector, and levels of taxation and tax revenue. Regional disparities in convergence remain among the southern and midwestern states.

Suggested Citation

  • Jac C. Heckelman, 2013. "Income convergence among U.S. states: crosssectional and time series evidence," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 46(3), pages 1085-1109, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:cje:issued:v:46:y:2013:i:3:p:1085-1109
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12037
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    Cited by:

    1. Hasan Engin Duran, 2024. "The future of regional inequalities: an ARIMA forecast," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 1-12, December.
    2. Di Wang & Zhimin Wang & Yuying Xie, 2020. "Per Capita Income Convergence among Provinces in China," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 10(6), pages 172-182.
    3. Chi‐Young Choi & Xiaojun Wang, 2015. "Discontinuity Of Output Convergence Within The United States: Why Has The Course Changed?," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 53(1), pages 49-71, January.
    4. Rafael González-Val, 2015. "Cross-sectional growth in US cities from 1990 to 2000," Journal of Geographical Systems, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 83-106, January.
    5. Klein, Alexander & Crafts, Nicholas, 2023. "Unconditional Convergence in Manufacturing Productivity across U.S. States: What the Long-Run Data Show," CEPR Discussion Papers 18065, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    6. Oasis Kodila-Tedika, 2018. "Governance in Africa: Convergence or Divergence?," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(1), pages 71-88.
    7. Theodoros Arvanitopoulos & Vassilis Monastiriotis & Theodore Panagiotidis, 2021. "Drivers of convergence: The role of first- and second-nature geography," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 58(14), pages 2880-2900, November.
    8. Jac Heckelman & Sandeep Mazumder, 2013. "Are we there yet? On the convergence of financial reforms," Economics of Governance, Springer, vol. 14(4), pages 385-409, November.
    9. Vicente German-Soto & Gregory Brock, 2022. "Overall US and Census Region β-Convergence 1963–2015 Controlling for Spatial Effects," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 64(1), pages 44-67, March.
    10. Brantley Liddle, 2018. "Warming And Income Growth In The United States: A Heterogeneous, Common Factor Dynamic Panel Analysis," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 9(04), pages 1-14, November.
    11. Claudio Detotto & Bryan C. McCannon, 2017. "Economic freedom and public, non-market institutions: evidence from criminal prosecution," Economics of Governance, Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 107-128, May.
    12. Heckelman, Jac C. & Young, Andrew, 2018. "How Global is Globalization?," Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Mid-Continent Regional Science Association, vol. 48(3), August.
    13. Kadigi, Reuben M.J. & Robinson, Elizabeth & Szabo, Sylvia & Kangile, Joseph & Mgeni, Charles P. & De Maria, Marcello & Tsusaka, Takuji & Nhau, Brighton, 2022. "Revisiting the Solow-Swan model of income convergence in the context of coffee producing and re-exporting countries in the world," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 115636, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    14. Joshua C. Hall & Donald J. Lacombe & Shree B. Pokharel, 2020. "State Exit Exams and Graduation Rates: A Hierarchical SLX Modelling Approach," The Review of Regional Studies, Southern Regional Science Association, vol. 50(2), pages 189-206.
    15. Kinfemichael, Bisrat & Morshed, A.K.M. Mahbub, 2019. "Convergence of labor productivity across the US states," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 270-280.
    16. Makram El‐Shagi & Steven Yamarik, 2019. "State‐level capital and investment: Refinements and update," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(4), pages 1411-1422, December.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • R1 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics

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