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NAFTA and the convergence of CO2 emissions intensity and its determinants

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  • Nicholas Apergis
  • James E. Payne

Abstract

This empirical study examines the extent to which the introduction of NAFTA influenced the convergence behavior of CO2 emissions intensity and its determinants (energy intensity and carbonization index) associated with the countries of Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Our results from tests of stochastic convergence, s-convergence, and club convergence reveal convergence in both the pre- and post-NAFTA periods. This finding suggests the convergence behavior of CO2 emissions intensity and its determinants has not substantially changed with the introduction of NAFTA.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicholas Apergis & James E. Payne, 2020. "NAFTA and the convergence of CO2 emissions intensity and its determinants," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 161, pages 1-9.
    • Handle: RePEc:cii:cepiie:2020-q1-161-1
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    Cited by:

    1. Laura Rodríguez-Fernández & Ana Belén Fernández Carvajal & María Bujidos-Casado, 2020. "Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using the Fairness Principle: A Multi-Country Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-15, July.
    2. Diego Romero-Ávila & Tolga Omay, 2023. "Convergence of GHGs emissions in the long-run: aerosol precursors, reactive gases and aerosols—a nonlinear panel approach," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(11), pages 12303-12337, November.
    3. Miguel Á. Tinoco-Zermeño, 2023. "Energy consumption, financial development, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in 23 developing economies," Remef - Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas Nueva Época REMEF (The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance), Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas, IMEF, vol. 18(1), pages 1-24, Enero - M.
    4. Belloc, Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto, 2023. "Are greenhouse gas emissions converging in Latin America? Implications for environmental policies," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 337-356.
    5. Su, Xuewei & Wang, Kaike, 2025. "Carbon dioxide emission reduction effects of non-economic sector tournaments: Evidence from the national civilized city selection," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    6. Veli Yilanci & Muhammed Sehid Gorus & Sakiru Adebola Solarin, 2022. "Convergence in per capita carbon footprint and ecological footprint for G7 countries: Evidence from panel Fourier threshold unit root test," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(3), pages 527-545, May.
    7. Avazkhodjaev S. Shakhabiddinovich & Noor Azuddin bin Yakob & Lau Wee Yeap, 2022. "Asymmetric Effect of Renewable Energy Generation and Clean Energy on Green Economy Stock Price: ANonlinear ARDL Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(1), pages 407-415.
    8. Basak Bayramoglu & Estelle Gozlan & Clément Nedoncelle & Thibaut Tarabbia, 2025. "Trade Agreements and Sustainable Fisheries [Accords commerciaux et pêche durable]," Working Papers hal-04101044, HAL.
    9. Rodríguez-Benavides, Domingo & Andrés-Rosales, Roldán & Álvarez-García, José & Bekun, Festus Víctor, 2024. "Convergence of clubs between per capita carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and cement production," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    10. Kazem Biabany Khameneh & Reza Najarzadeh & Hassan Dargahi & Lotfali Agheli, 2021. "The Role of Global Value Chains in Carbon Intensity Convergence: A Spatial Econometrics Approach," Papers 2111.00566, arXiv.org.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • F18 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade and Environment
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

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