Measuring diachronic sense change: New models and Monte Carlo methods for Bayesian inference

In a bag‐of‐words model, the senses of a word with multiple meanings, for example ‘bank’ (used either in a river‐bank or an institution sense), are represented as probability distributions over context words, and sense prevalence is represented as a probability distribution over senses. Both of these may change with time. Modelling and measuring this kind of sense change are challenging due to the typically high‐dimensional parameter space and sparse datasets. A recently published corpus of ancient Greek texts contains expert‐annotated sense labels for selected target words. Automatic sense‐annotation for the word ‘kosmos’ (meaning decoration, order or world) has been used as a test case in recent work with related generative models and Monte Carlo methods. We adapt an existing generative sense change model to develop a simpler model for the main effects of sense and time, and give Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods for Bayesian inference on all these models that are more efficient than existing methods. We carry out automatic sense‐annotation of snippets containing ‘kosmos’ using our model, and measure the time‐evolution of its three senses and their prevalence. As far as we are aware, ours is the first analysis of this data, within the class of generative models we consider, that quantifies uncertainty and returns credible sets for evolving sense prevalence in good agreement with those given by expert annotation.