IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/finrev/v60y2025i4p1437-1455.html

Risk Tolerance, Commitment Risk Across Policy Type, and the Demand for Life Insurance

Author

Listed:
  • James M. Carson
  • Cassandra R. Cole
  • Stephen G. Fier

Abstract

Life insurers face one‐sided commitment risk that is partially mitigated by the introduction of various contract features, including front‐loading and the option to backdate, that are intended, in part, to “lock in” the policyholder. While prior literature has discussed one‐sided commitment and life insurance, research has not, to our knowledge, examined the intersection of risk tolerance, heterogeneity in commitment across policy type, and life insurance ownership. In this study, we employ a multi‐step decision model to examine this intersection. Controlling for various financial and demographic characteristics among households that own life insurance, we provide the first evidence that as risk tolerance increases, the likelihood of owning only cash value life insurance decreases, consistent with these consumers having a greater willingness to bear the higher reclassification risks associated with term life insurance.

Suggested Citation

  • James M. Carson & Cassandra R. Cole & Stephen G. Fier, 2025. "Risk Tolerance, Commitment Risk Across Policy Type, and the Demand for Life Insurance," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 60(4), pages 1437-1455, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:finrev:v:60:y:2025:i:4:p:1437-1455
    DOI: 10.1111/fire.70003
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/fire.70003
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/fire.70003?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Stephen V. Cameron & James J. Heckman, 1998. "Life Cycle Schooling and Dynamic Selection Bias: Models and Evidence for Five Cohorts of American Males," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(2), pages 262-333, April.
    2. Anatoliy Belaygorod & Atilio Zardetto & Yuanjin Liu, 2014. "Bayesian Modeling of Shock Lapse Rates Provides New Evidence for Emergency Fund Hypothesis," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(4), pages 501-514, October.
    3. David M. Cutler & Amy Finkelstein & Kathleen McGarry, 2008. "Preference Heterogeneity and Insurance Markets: Explaining a Puzzle of Insurance," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(2), pages 157-162, May.
    4. Hua Chen & Jin Gao & Wei Zhu, 2024. "A Unified Framework for Insurance Demand and Mortality Immunization," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(2), pages 469-490, April.
    5. Donghui Li & Fariborz Moshirian & Pascal Nguyen & Timothy Wee, 2007. "The Demand for Life Insurance in OECD Countries," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 74(3), pages 637-652, September.
    6. Yijia Lin & Martin F. Grace, 2007. "Household Life Cycle Protection: Life Insurance Holdings, Financial Vulnerability, and Portfolio Implications," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 74(1), pages 141-173, March.
    7. Amy Finkelstein & Kathleen McGarry & Amir Sufi, 2005. "Dynamic Inefficiencies in Insurance Markets: Evidence from Long-Term Care Insurance," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 95(2), pages 224-228, May.
    8. Erhan Bayraktar & S. David Promislow & Virginia R. Young, 2015. "Purchasing Term Life Insurance to Reach a Bequest Goal: Time-Dependent Case," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(3), pages 224-236, July.
    9. Cassandra R. Cole & Stephen G. Fier, 2025. "Bequests and the Demand for Life Insurance," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(1), pages 170-198, January.
    10. Rabbani, Abed G., 2020. "Cash value life insurance ownership among young adults: The role of self-discipline and risk tolerance," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    11. Andre P. Liebenberg & James M. Carson & Randy E. Dumm, 2012. "A Dynamic Analysis of the Demand for Life Insurance," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 79(3), pages 619-644, September.
    12. Emily Norman Zietz, 2003. "An Examination of the Demand for Life Insurance," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 6(2), pages 159-191, September.
    13. Stephen V. Cameron & James J. Heckman, 1998. "Life Cycle Schooling and Dynamic Selection Bias: Models and Evidence for Five Cohorts," NBER Working Papers 6385, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    14. Edward Frees & Yunjie (Winnie) Sun, 2010. "Household Life Insurance Demand," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(3), pages 338-354.
    15. Igal Hendel & Alessandro Lizzeri, 2003. "The Role of Commitment in Dynamic Contracts: Evidence from Life Insurance," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 118(1), pages 299-328.
    16. Ruo Jia & Zenan Wu, 2019. "Insurer commitment and dynamic pricing pattern," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 44(1), pages 87-135, March.
    17. Michael S. Gutter & Charles B. Hatcher, 2008. "Racial Differences in the Demand for Life Insurance," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 75(3), pages 677-689, September.
    18. Cassandra R. Cole & Stephen G. Fier, 2021. "An examination of life insurance policy surrender and loan activity," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 88(2), pages 483-516, June.
    19. Joachim Inkmann & Alexander Michaelides, 2012. "Can the Life Insurance Market Provide Evidence for a Bequest Motive?," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 79(3), pages 671-695, September.
    20. Qiheng Guo & Daniel Bauer, 2021. "Different Shades of Risk: Mortality Trends Implied by Term Insurance Prices," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(S1), pages 156-169, February.
    21. Renate Lange & Jörg Schiller & Petra Steinorth, 2017. "Demand and Selection Effects in Supplemental Health Insurance in Germany," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 42(1), pages 5-30, January.
    22. Elisa Luciano & J François Outreville & Mariacristina Rossi, 2016. "Life Insurance Ownership by Italian Households: A Gender-Based Differences Analysis," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 41(3), pages 468-490, July.
    23. Chu-Shiu Li & Gene C. Lai & Saruultuya Tsendsuren & Richard J. Butler & Chwen-Chi Liu, 2023. "Cognitive abilities and life insurance holdings: evidence from 16 European countries," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 48(1), pages 110-166, March.
    24. Daniel Bauer & Jin Gao & Thorsten Moenig & Eric R. Ulm & Nan Zhu, 2017. "Policyholder Exercise Behavior in Life Insurance: The State of Affairs," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(4), pages 485-501, October.
    25. Daniel Hartley & Anna L. Paulson & Katerina Powers, 2017. "What Explains the Decline in Life Insurance Ownership?," Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, issue 8, pages 1-20.
    26. Yawen Hwang & Linus Fang-Shu Chan & Chenghsien Jason Tsai, 2022. "On Voluntary Terminations of Life Insurance: Differentiating Surrender Propensity From Lapse Propensity Across Product Types," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(2), pages 252-282, April.
    27. Yuanshan Cheng & Philip Gibson & Tao Guo & Yanine Sam, 2022. "Life Insurance Ownership Among Seniors—A Perspective of Spousal Quality Among the Elderly," Journal of Insurance Issues, Western Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 58-81.
    28. Ruo Jia & Zenan Wu, 2019. "Insurer commitment and dynamic pricing pattern," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory, Springer;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 44(1), pages 87-135, March.
    29. Eling, Martin & Ghavibazoo, Omid & Hanewald, Katja, 2021. "Willingness to take financial risks and insurance holdings: A European survey," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chu-Shiu Li & Gene C. Lai & Saruultuya Tsendsuren & Richard J. Butler & Chwen-Chi Liu, 2023. "Cognitive abilities and life insurance holdings: evidence from 16 European countries," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 48(1), pages 110-166, March.
    2. Jiang Cheng & Lu Yu, 2019. "Life and health insurance consumption in China: demographic and environmental risks," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 44(1), pages 67-101, January.
    3. Ning Wang, 2023. "A dynamic analysis of the demand for life insurance during the 2008 financial crisis: evidence from the panel Survey of Consumer Finances," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 48(4), pages 733-759, October.
    4. Timothy F. Harris & Aaron Yelowitz, 2018. "Racial disparities in life insurance coverage," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(1), pages 94-107, January.
    5. Eling, Martin & Ghavibazoo, Omid & Hanewald, Katja, 2021. "Willingness to take financial risks and insurance holdings: A European survey," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    6. Georges Dionne & Nathalie Fombaron & Wanda Mimra, 2025. "Adverse Selection in Insurance," Springer Books, in: Georges Dionne (ed.), Handbook of Insurance, edition 0, pages 165-221, Springer.
    7. Cassandra R. Cole & Stephen G. Fier, 2021. "An examination of life insurance policy surrender and loan activity," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 88(2), pages 483-516, June.
    8. Srbinoski Bojan & Strozzi Fernanda & Poposki Klime & Born Patricia H., 2020. "Trends in Life Insurance Demand and Lapse Literature," Asia-Pacific Journal of Risk and Insurance, De Gruyter, vol. 14(2), pages 1-46, July.
    9. Milijana Novovic Buric & Ljiljana Kascelan & Vladimir Kascelan, 2023. "Economic and demographic determinants of premium reserve in Western Balkan countries during and after the crisis," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(1), pages 1116-1136, January.
    10. Ning Wang, 2019. "The demand for life insurance in a heterogeneous-agent life cycle economy with joint decisions," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 44(2), pages 176-206, September.
    11. Xiaoquan Wang & Yu Fang & Yugang Ding & Hua Chen, 2024. "Early-life disaster experience and commercial insurance demand: evidence from the Great Famine in China," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 66(3), pages 1259-1286, March.
    12. Mariacristina Rossi & Dario Sansone, 2018. "Precautionary savings and the self-employed," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 51(1), pages 105-127, June.
    13. Rajat Deb & Kanchan Kumar Nath & Mukesh Nepal & Sourav Chakraborty & Kiran Sankar Chakraborty, 2021. "Do People Choose Life Insurance for Protection or for Saving?," Metamorphosis: A Journal of Management Research, , vol. 20(1), pages 35-44, June.
    14. Thomas Url, 2014. "Vorteile der Risikoübernahme in der klassischen Lebensversicherung," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 60603.
    15. James M. Carson & Cameron M. Ellis & Robert E. Hoyt & Krzysztof Ostaszewski, 2020. "Sunk Costs and Screening: Two‐Part Tariffs in Life Insurance," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 87(3), pages 689-718, September.
    16. Barry Mulholland & Michael Finke & Sandra Huston, 2016. "Understanding the Shift in Demand for Cash Value Life Insurance," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 19(1), pages 7-36, March.
    17. Hazel Bateman & Paul Gerrans & Susan Thorp & Yunbo Zeng, 2023. "Explaining consumers' progress through life insurance decision states: The role of personal values and consumer characteristics," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(3), pages 1151-1182, July.
    18. Hwang, In Do, 2024. "Behavioral aspects of household portfolio choice: Effects of loss aversion on life insurance uptake and savings," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(PA), pages 1029-1053.
    19. Song, In Jung & Park, Heejung & Park, Narang & Heo, Wookjae, 2019. "The effect of experiencing a death on life insurance ownership," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 170-176.
    20. Dawoon Jung, 2026. "The Effect of Relocation on Risk Aversion," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 78(2), pages 479-497, April.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:finrev:v:60:y:2025:i:4:p:1437-1455. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/efaaaea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.