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The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 US cities

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Listed:
  • Díaz, R.M.
  • Ayala, G.
  • Bein, E.
  • Henne, J.
  • Marin, B.V.

Abstract

Objectives. This study assessed the relation between experiences of social discrimination (homophobia, racism, and financial hardship) and symptoms of psychologic distress (anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation) among self-identified gay and bisexual Latino men in the United States. Methods. Data were collected from a probability sample of 912 men (self-identified as both Latino and non-heterosexual) recruited from the venues and public social spaces identified as both Latino and gay in the cities of Miami, Los Angeles, and New York. Results. The study showed high prevalence rates of psychologic symptoms of distress in the population of gay Latino men during the 6 months before the interview, including suicidal ideation (17% prevalence), anxiety (44%), and depressed mood (80%). In both univariate and multivariate analyses, experiences of social discrimination were strong predictors of psychologic symptoms. Conclusions. The mental health difficulties experienced by many gay and bisexual Latino men in the United States are directly related to a social context of oppression that leads to social alienation, low self-esteem, and symptoms of psychologic distress.

Suggested Citation

  • Díaz, R.M. & Ayala, G. & Bein, E. & Henne, J. & Marin, B.V., 2001. "The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 US cities," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 91(6), pages 927-932.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2001:91:6:927-932_2
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    Cited by:

    1. Johnston, David W. & Lordan, Grace, 2012. "Discrimination makes me sick! An examination of the discrimination–health relationship," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 99-111.
    2. Vanessa Yarwood & Francesco Checchi & Karen Lau & Cathy Zimmerman, 2022. "LGBTQI + Migrants: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework of Health, Safety and Wellbeing during Migration," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-22, January.
    3. Mario Alberto Viveros Espinoza-Kulick & Jessica P. Cerdeña, 2022. "“We Need Health for All”: Mental Health and Barriers to Care among Latinxs in California and Connecticut," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-21, October.
    4. Hsueh, Loretta & Layland, Eric K. & Kipke, Michele D. & Bray, Bethany C., 2021. "Linking racism and homonegativity to healthcare system distrust among young men of color who have sex with men: Evidence from the Healthy Young Men's (HYM) study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    5. Jiaxiu Liu & Xiaoni Zhong & Zhuo Lu & Bin Peng & Yan Zhang & Hao Liang & Jianghong Dai & Juying Zhang & Ailong Huang, 2020. "Anxiety and Depression Associated with Anal Sexual Practices among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men in Western China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-17, January.
    6. Davis, Tamara S. & Saltzburg, Susan & Locke, Chris R., 2009. "Supporting the emotional and psychological well being of sexual minority youth: Youth ideas for action," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(9), pages 1030-1041, September.
    7. Scheim, Ayden I. & Bauer, Greta R., 2019. "The Intersectional Discrimination Index: Development and validation of measures of self-reported enacted and anticipated discrimination for intercategorical analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 225-235.
    8. Bauer, Greta R., 2014. "Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 10-17.
    9. Sanghoon Lee, 2021. "Social Tolerance and Economic Development," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 158(3), pages 1087-1103, December.
    10. Bao, Jiamin & Li, Huanhuan & Song, Wei & Jiang, Songyuan, 2020. "Being bullied, psychological pain and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    11. Bluthenthal, Ricky N. & Palar, Kartika & Mendel, Peter & Kanouse, David E. & Corbin, Dennis E. & Derose, Kathryn Pitkin, 2012. "Attitudes and beliefs related to HIV/AIDS in urban religious congregations: Barriers and opportunities for HIV-related interventions," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(10), pages 1520-1527.
    12. Layland, Eric K. & Maggs, Jennifer L. & Kipke, Michele D. & Bray, Bethany C., 2022. "Intersecting racism and homonegativism among sexual minority men of color: Latent class analysis of multidimensional stigma with subgroup differences in health and sociostructural burdens," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    13. Donte T. Boyd & S. Raquel Ramos & Camille R. Quinn & Kristian V. Jones & Leo Wilton & LaRon E. Nelson, 2021. "Family Support and Sociocultural Factors on Depression among Black and Latinx Sexual Minority Men," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-10, June.
    14. Chien-Chuan Wang & Ray C. Hsiao & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2019. "Victimization of Traditional and Cyber Bullying During Childhood and Their Correlates Among Adult Gay and Bisexual Men in Taiwan: A Retrospective Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-14, November.
    15. Julie Fish, 2008. "Navigating Queer Street: Researching the Intersections of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans (LGBT) Identities in Health Research," Sociological Research Online, , vol. 13(1), pages 104-115, January.
    16. Catherine Oldenburg & Katie Biello & Donn Colby & Elizabeth Closson & Thi Mai & Thi Nguyen & Ngoc Nguyen & Matthew Mimiaga, 2014. "Stigma related to sex work among men who engage in transactional sex with men in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 59(5), pages 833-840, October.
    17. King, Wesley M. & Hughto, Jaclyn M.W. & Operario, Don, 2020. "Transgender stigma: A critical scoping review of definitions, domains, and measures used in empirical research," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    18. Alexandra M Oster & Kate Russell & Ryan E Wiegand & Eduardo Valverde & David W Forrest & Melissa Cribbin & Binh C Le & Gabriela Paz-Bailey & NHBS Study Group, 2013. "HIV Infection and Testing among Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States: The Role of Location of Birth and Other Social Determinants," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(9), pages 1-9, September.
    19. Steward, Wayne T. & Herek, Gregory M. & Ramakrishna, Jayashree & Bharat, Shalini & Chandy, Sara & Wrubel, Judith & Ekstrand, Maria L., 2008. "HIV-related stigma: Adapting a theoretical framework for use in India," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(8), pages 1225-1235, October.
    20. Logie, Carmen H. & Lacombe-Duncan, Ashley & Wang, Ying & Levermore, Kandasi & Jones, Nicolette & Ellis, Tyrone & Bryan, Nicolette & Grace, Daniel, 2020. "Adapting the psychological mediation framework for cisgender and transgender sexual minorities in Jamaica: Implications from latent versus observed variable approaches to sexual stigma," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    21. Logie, Carmen H. & Newman, Peter A. & Chakrapani, Venkatesan & Shunmugam, Murali, 2012. "Adapting the minority stress model: Associations between gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma and depression among men who have sex with men in South India," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(8), pages 1261-1268.
    22. Schneider, John A. & Zhou, A. Ning & Laumann, Edward O., 2015. "A new HIV prevention network approach: Sociometric peer change agent selection," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 192-202.
    23. Padilla, Mark & Castellanos, Daniel & Guilamo-Ramos, Vincent & Reyes, Armando Matiz & Sánchez Marte, Leonardo E. & Soriano, Martha Arredondo, 2008. "Stigma, social inequality, and HIV risk disclosure among Dominican male sex workers," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(3), pages 380-388, August.
    24. Engstrom, Curtiss W. & West, Brady T. & Schepis, Ty S. & McCabe, Sean Esteban, 2024. "Does the approach used to measure sexual identity affect estimates of health disparities differently by race? A randomized experiment from the National Survey of Family Growth," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).

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