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Islamic Alternatives to the Secular Morality Embedded in Modern Economics البدائل الإسلامية للأخلاقيات العلمانية المُتضمنة في الاقتصاد الحديث

Author

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  • Asad Zaman

    (Former Vice Chancellor Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad)

Abstract

Economics, as a distinct discipline started out as a branch of moral philosophy. Early in the 20th century, logical positivists argued that science is the only source of knowledge, and values are not part of science. The desire to make humanities ‘scientific’ led to the creation of the ‘social sciences’, which claimed to be objective and value-free. In fact, values are inevitably involved in the study of human societies. Hence, when the social scientists could not remove them, they buried them into the foundations. In economics, ‘rational’ behavior was defined to be the pursuit of pleasure, without any explicit recognition or acknowledgement of the value judgment involved. Similarly, the scarcity foundations of modern economics also conceal many value judgements. In particular, secular morality at the heart of economics makes pursuit of pleasure and profits the goal of life for all rational human beings. Once we recognize the secular moral principles on which modern economics is built, the path to creating an Islamic alternative becomes clear. An Islamic society is built on the foundations of cooperation, generosity, and social responsibility, in stark contrast to the competition, greed, and individualism which are the basis of capitalist societies. Islam has a well-developed moral philosophy to deal with economic affairs, embodied in the science of fiqh (jurisprudence) as it has developed over the centuries. By rejecting the secular morality built into the foundations of modern economics, we can create a radical alternative based on the moral foundations of Islam. The modern world offers many new challenges; environments radically different from those faced by our elders. Thus, building a revolutionary Islamic economics requires ijtihad (diligent and creative research) to use the well-developed methodology of fiqh creatively to find new solutions to the deep and complex problems currently facing humanity and the planet. انبثق علم الاقتصاد كحقل معرفي مستقل من رَحِم الفلسفة الأخلاقية. لقد جادل المناطقة من أصحاب المذهب الوضعي في أوائل القرن العشرين بأن العلم هو المصدر الوحيد للمعرفة، وأن القيم ليست جزءًا من العلم. أدت الرغبة في جعل العلوم الإنسانية "علمية" إلى إنشاء "العلوم الاجتماعية"، التي ادعت أنها موضوعية وخالية من القيم. في الواقع، لا مفر من أخذ القيم بعين الاعتبار في دراسة المجتمعات البشرية، والسلوك المرتبط بالإنسان. وعندما لم يتمكن علماء الاجتماع من الفكاك عن هذا الوضع قاموا "بطمس" القيم في أساسيات هذه العلوم. فعلى سبيل المثال تم تعريف السلوك "العقلاني" - في علم الاقتصاد - على أنه السعي وراء المتعة، دون أي اعتراف أو تصريح بأن هذا المسلك يتضمن أحكامًا قيمية (value-loaded). والنتيجة نفسها تنطبق على قضية "الندرة" التي تُشكل مرتكزًا رئيسًا في علم الاقتصاد الحديث. إن الأخلاقيات أو القيم العلمانية تجعل السعي وراء المتعة والربح هدفاً للحياة عند المُتسمين بالسلوك العقلاني كما هو موضح في الفروض الأساسية للفكر الاقتصاد السائد. إن إدراك هذه الوضعية المعرفية المُتجذرة التي يقوم عليها علم الاقتصاد الحديث، سيمهد السبيل - بشكل سلسل- إلى إيجاد البديل الإسلامي للاقتصاد السائد. إنَّ المجتمع الإسلامي مبني على أسس التعاون والكرم والمسؤولية الاجتماعية، وهذه الوضعية المعرفية تتناقض بطريقة متوازية مع المنافسة والجشع والفردية التي هي أساس المجتمعات الرأسمالية. في الإسلام فلسفة أخلاقية متطورة للتعامل مع القضايا الاقتصادية، تتجسد - هذه الفلسفة - في علم الفقه وتطوره عبر القرون من خلال رفض الأخلاق العلمانية المُتضمنة بشكل لصيق في أسس الاقتصاد الحديث، يمكننا إنشاء بديل جذري قائم على الأسس الأخلاقية للإسلام. يُواجه العالم اليوم العديد من التحديات المُستجدة؛ بيئات مختلفة بشكل جذري عن تلك التي واجهها أسلافنا. وبالتالي، فإن بناء "اقتصاد إسلامي" ثوري يتطلب الاجتهاد (البحث الدؤوب مع الإبداع والتفكير الخلاق) لاستخدام منهجية الفقه المتطورة لإيجاد حلول مبتكرة للمشاكل العميقة والمعقدة التي تواجه المجتمعات البشرية اليوم.

Suggested Citation

  • Asad Zaman, 2021. "Islamic Alternatives to the Secular Morality Embedded in Modern Economics البدائل الإسلامية للأخلاقيات العلمانية المُتضمنة في الاقتصاد الحديث," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 34(2), pages 83-100, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:abd:kauiea:v:34:y:2021:i:2:no:5:p:83-100
    DOI: 10.4197/Islec.34-2.5
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Asad Zaman, 2014. "An Islamic Approach to Humanities مقاربة إسلامية للعلوم الإنسانية," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 27(2), pages 3-28, July.
    2. Cooter, Robert & Rappoport, Peter, 1984. "Were the Ordinalists Wrong about Welfare Economics?," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 22(2), pages 507-530, June.
    3. Asad Zaman, 2015. "Deification of science and its disastrous consequences," International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 6(2), pages 181-197.
    4. Hausman,Daniel M. & McPherson,Michael S., 2006. "Economic Analysis, Moral Philosophy and Public Policy," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521608664, December.
    5. Zaman, Asad, 2008. "Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature," MPRA Paper 11024, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Asad Zaman, 2012. "Crisis in Islamic Economics: Diagnosis and Prescriptions أزمة الاقتصاد الإسلامي: التشخيص والحلول," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 25(1), pages 143-166, January.
    7. Hausman,Daniel M. & McPherson,Michael S., 2006. "Economic Analysis, Moral Philosophy and Public Policy," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521846295.
    8. Mehmet Karacuka & Asad Zaman, 2012. "The empirical evidence against neoclassical utility theory: a review of the literature," International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 3(4), pages 366-414.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Cited by:

    1. Rodney Wilson, 2021. "The Application of Islamic Thought to Economic Policy Making in a Threatened World تطبيق الفكر الإسلامي في صياغة السياسات الاقتصادية في عالم يعيش على الحَافَّة," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 34(2), pages 157-162, July.
    2. Abderrazak Belabes, 2021. "It is the Time to Depart from the Mirror Game in the Rhetoric of Economics لقدْ آنَ الأوانُ للتَّخلُّصِ من لُعبةِ المرآةِ في الخطابة عن علمِ الاقتصاد," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 34(2), pages 163-171, July.
    3. Masudul Alam Choudhury, 2021. "Islamic Alternatives to the Secular Morality Embedded in Modern Economics: Discussion of the Paper by Asad Zaman البدائل الإسلامية للأخلاق العلمانية المُتَضَمنة في الاقتصاد الحديث: مناقشة ورقة أسد زما," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 34(2), pages 173-184, July.
    4. Zubair Hasan, 2021. "Islamic Economics: Morality, Rationality, and Research الاقتصاد الإسلامي: الأخلاق والعقلانية والبحث," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 34(2), pages 111-120, July.
    5. Salman Ahmed Shaikh, 2021. "A Review of the Transformative School in Islamic Economics مراجعة للمدرسة التحويلية في الاقتصاد الإسلامي," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 34(2), pages 185-201, July.
    6. Abdul Azim Islahi, 2021. "How to Ensure Research Quality in Islamic Economics? كيف نضمن جودة البحث في الاقتصاد الإسلامي؟," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 34(2), pages 147-156, July.
    7. Abdelrahman Yousri Abdelrahman, 2021. "Status and Trends of Research in Islamic Economics: Questions, Answers and Comments حالة وتوجهات البحث في الاقتصاد الإسلامي: أسئلة وأجوبة وتعليقات," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 34(2), pages 101-110, July.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Moral philosophy; Logical positivism; Modern economics; Islamic economics. الفلسفة الأخلاقية، الوضعية المنطقية، الاقتصاد الحديث، الاقتصاد الإسلامي.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • B49 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - Economic Methodology - - - Other
    • B59 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - Current Heterodox Approaches - - - Other

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