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Italiens Stagnation verstehen

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  • Krahé, Max

Abstract

Die wirtschaftliche Stagnation Italiens ist von finanzpolitischer und allgemeiner Bedeutung. Da für die wirksame Behandlung eines Problems die richtige Diagnose nötig ist, fasst dieses Paper die wichtigsten Erklärungsansätze zusammen, vergleicht sie und bewertet sie. Nach einer Beschreibung der jüngeren wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Italiens untersucht das Paper drei unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze: erstens solche, die die Stagnation auf "mangelnden Reformwillen" zurückführen, zweitens Erklärungen, die monetäre Integration, und drittens Erklärungen, die Muster auf der Unternehmensebene in den Vordergrund stellen. Keiner dieser drei Ansätze überzeugt vollkommen. Es folgt daher eine Synthese ihrer jeweils vielversprechendsten Elemente. In dieser Synthese wird argumentiert, dass Italiens Stagnation auf zwei Schlüsselmomente zurückgeführt werden kann: erstens auf den gescheiterten Versuch der 1990erund 2000er-Jahren, die Wachstumsverlangsamung der 1970er- und 1980er-Jahre zu überwinden. Geleitet vom damaligen Zeitgeist, entschied sich die italienische Politik für eine Kombination aus marktliberalisierenden Reformen und Nachfragekürzung. Trotz guter Absichten erwies sich diese Politik als kontraproduktiv, da sie das Wachstum von Investitionen und Humankapital bremste und die Wachstumsverlangsamung verstärkte. Zweitens lässt sich die Stagnation darauf zurückführen, dass diese Kombination an politischen Maßnahmen auch in den späten 2000er- und frühen 2010er-Jahren beibehalten wurde. Nach dem Jahr 2008 - nachdem Investoren überzeugt waren, dass die EZB nicht als herkömmlicher Kreditgeber der letzten Instanz fungieren würde -, stiegen die Renditen auf italienische Staatsanleihen. Die makrofinanzielle Architektur der Eurozone wurde zwar reformiert, doch diese Reformen wirkten darauf hin, Italien in seinem Vor-Krisen-Ansatz zu bestärken. Unter diesem Druck hielt die italienische Politik im Großen und Ganzen am Vor-Krisen-Ansatz fest, auch nachdem dessen Wirkungslosigkeit erkenntlich geworden war. Auch wenn dieses Paper keine Vorschläge für einen neuen Reformansatz entwickelt, implizieren seine Schlussfolgerungen, dass ein überzeugendes Reformpaket an den tief liegenden Ursachen der italienischen Stagnation ansetzen muss, dabei die investitionshemmenden Fehler der letzten 30 Jahre jedoch nicht wiederholen darf. Vor diesem Hintergrund könnte positive Konditionalität - d. h. die Kopplung von Bedingungen und zusätzlichen Ressourcen, wie bei NextGenEU - mit Schwerpunkt auf Unternehmen, Institutionen und Investitionen ein vielversprechender Ansatz sein.

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  • Krahé, Max, 2023. "Italiens Stagnation verstehen," Papers 277907, Dezernat Zukunft - Institute for Macrofinance, Berlin.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:dzimps:277907
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