IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/tiu/tiutis/61051d4e-26c6-4cbd-b039-47bcc210866d.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Green Energy Depends on Critical Minerals. Who Controls the Supply Chains?

Author

Listed:
  • Leruth, Luc
  • Mazarei, Adnan
  • Regibeau, Pierre
  • Renneboog, Luc

    (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management)

Abstract

In light of the transition away from fossil fuel-based energy, this paper highlights the importance of understanding who controls vital parts of the global supply chains of critical minerals and rare earth elements (REEs). Analysis of direct ownership does not reveal the real sources of control over the decisions of the company. To identify those sources, we use an index that measures the degree to which important shareholders can affect voting decisions. This analysis is not straightforward, because companies along the supply chain are not necessarily incorporated in the countries in which mining and production activities take place, and shareholders can exert influence through multiple layers of subsidiaries. Our analysis reveals that China's control over the global value chains involving critical minerals and REEs extends beyond what is commonly assumed. It also sheds light on environmental, social, and governance issues in the countries in which mining and/or production take place. The paper advocates increasing transparency regarding the sources of control to better assess and manage economic and geopolitical risks; enhancing recycling, to reduce dependency on foreign supply; avoiding protectionist and trade-reducing reactions; and encouraging research and development in order to speed up the adoption of technologies of substitution.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of thi
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Suggested Citation

  • Leruth, Luc & Mazarei, Adnan & Regibeau, Pierre & Renneboog, Luc, 2022. "Green Energy Depends on Critical Minerals. Who Controls the Supply Chains?," Other publications TiSEM 61051d4e-26c6-4cbd-b039-4, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    • Handle: RePEc:tiu:tiutis:61051d4e-26c6-4cbd-b039-47bcc210866d
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/64097676/2022_024.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Trebesch, Christoph & Gelpern, Anna & Horn, Sebastian & Morris, Scott & Parks, Bradley, 2021. "How China Lends: A Rare Look into 100 Debt Contracts with Foreign Governments," CEPR Discussion Papers 16331, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    2. Cullen S. Hendrix, 2022. "Shift to renewable energy could be a mixed blessing for mineral exporters," Policy Briefs PB22-1, Peterson Institute for International Economics.
    3. Kostka, Genia, 2014. "Barriers to the implementation of environmental policies at the local level in China," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7016, The World Bank.
    4. Jean-Michel Sahut & Marta Peris-Ortiz & Frédéric Teulon, 2019. "Corporate social responsibility and governance," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 23(4), pages 901-912, December.
    5. Renneboog, Luc & Ter Horst, Jenke & Zhang, Chendi, 2008. "Socially responsible investments: Institutional aspects, performance, and investor behavior," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(9), pages 1723-1742, September.
    6. Crama, Y. & Leruth, L. & Renneboog, L.D.R., 2003. "Corporate control concentration measurement and firm performance," Other publications TiSEM 3701bf7b-3df8-4f01-8bdf-8, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    7. Shapley, Lloyd S & Shubik, Martin, 1969. "Pure Competition, Coalitional Power, and Fair Division," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 10(3), pages 337-362, October.
    8. Cullen S. Hendrix & Marcus Noland, 2014. "Confronting the Curse: The Economics and Geopolitics of Natural Resource Governance," Peterson Institute Press: All Books, Peterson Institute for International Economics, number 6765, October.
    9. Jean-Michel Sahut & Marta Peris-Ortiz & Frédéric Teulon, 2019. "Correction to: Corporate social responsibility and governance," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 23(4), pages 913-913, December.
    10. Shapley, L. S. & Shubik, Martin, 1954. "A Method for Evaluating the Distribution of Power in a Committee System," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(3), pages 787-792, September.
    11. Fichtner, Jan & Heemskerk, Eelke M. & Garcia-Bernardo, Javier, 2017. "Hidden power of the Big Three? Passive index funds, re-concentration of corporate ownership, and new financial riskâ€," Business and Politics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 19(2), pages 298-326, June.
    12. Appel, Ian R. & Gormley, Todd A. & Keim, Donald B., 2016. "Passive investors, not passive owners," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(1), pages 111-141.
    13. Yves Crama & Luc Leruth, 2013. "Power Indices And The Measurement Of Control In Corporate Structures," International Game Theory Review (IGTR), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 15(03), pages 1-15.
    14. Lucian A. Bebchuk & Scott Hirst, 2019. "The Specter of the Giant Three," NBER Working Papers 25914, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    15. Crama, Yves & Leruth, Luc, 2007. "Control and voting power in corporate networks: Concepts and computational aspects," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 178(3), pages 879-893, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Simone Emiliozzi & Fabrizio Ferriani & Andrea Gazzani, 2023. "The European energy crisis and the consequences for the global natural gas market," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 824, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    2. Olga Pindyuk, 2023. "Implications of China's Growing Geo-Economic Influence for the EU: Addressing Critical Dependencies in the Green Transition," wiiw Policy Notes 67, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
    3. Shi, Junguo & Liu, Yang & Sadowski, Bert M. & Alemzero, David & Dou, Shanshan & Sun, Huaping & Naseem, Sobia, 2023. "The role of economic growth and governance on mineral rents in main critical minerals countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Takayuki Mizuno & Shohei Doi & Shuhei Kurizaki, 2020. "The power of corporate control in the global ownership network," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(8), pages 1-19, August.
    2. Azar, José & Duro, Miguel & Kadach, Igor & Ormazabal, Gaizka, 2021. "The Big Three and corporate carbon emissions around the world," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(2), pages 674-696.
    3. Crama, Yves & Hübner, Georges & Leruth, Luc & Renneboog, Luc, 2021. "Identifying Ultimate Beneficial Owners : A Risk-Based Approach to Improving the Transparency of International Financial Flows," Discussion Paper 2021-027, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    4. Karos, Dominik & Peters, Hans, 2015. "Indirect control and power in mutual control structures," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 150-165.
    5. Levy, Marc, 2011. "The Banzhaf index in complete and incomplete shareholding structures: A new algorithm," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 215(2), pages 411-421, December.
    6. Song, Xiaochuan, 2023. "Gender-based CEO transitions: The role of the Big Three," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    7. Karos, Dominik & Peters, Hans, 2018. "Effectivity and power," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 363-378.
    8. Marc Levy & Ariane Szafarz, 2017. "Cross-Ownership: A Device for Management Entrenchment?," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 21(4), pages 1675-1699.
    9. Kitajima, Kiichi, 2022. "Passive investors and concentration of intraday liquidity: Evidence from the Tokyo Stock Exchange," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    10. Dang, Rey & Houanti, L'Hocine & Sahut, Jean-Michel & Simioni, Michel, 2021. "Do women on corporate boards influence corporate social performance? A control function approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    11. Newham, M. & Seldeslachts, J. & Banal-Estanol, A., 2018. "Common Ownership and Market Entry: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry," Working Papers 18/03, Department of Economics, City University London.
    12. Ormazabal, Gaizka & Azar, José & Duro, Miguel & Kadach, Igor, 2020. "The Big Three and Corporate Carbon Emissions Around the World," CEPR Discussion Papers 15522, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    13. José Azar & Xavier Vives, 2021. "General Equilibrium Oligopoly and Ownership Structure," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 89(3), pages 999-1048, May.
    14. Hubert, Franz & Orlova, Ekaterina, 2018. "Network access and market power," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 170-185.
    15. Santhosh Ramalingegowda & Steven Utke & Yong Yu, 2021. "Common Institutional Ownership and Earnings Management," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 208-241, March.
    16. Anca Antoaneta Vărzaru & Claudiu George Bocean & Michael Marian Nicolescu, 2021. "Rethinking Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability in Light of Economic Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-21, March.
    17. Carneiro, Livia Mendes & Eid Junior, William & Yoshinaga, Claudia Emiko, 2022. "The implications of passive investments for active fund management: International evidence," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    18. Buchanan, Bonnie & Cao, Cathy Xuying & Chen, Chongyang, 2018. "Corporate social responsibility, firm value, and influential institutional ownership," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 73-95.
    19. Berghammer, Rudolf & Rusinowska, Agnieszka & de Swart, Harrie, 2010. "Applying relation algebra and RelView to measures in a social network," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 202(1), pages 182-195, April.
    20. Trojanowski, Grzegorz, 2008. "Equity block transfers in transition economies: Evidence from Poland," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 217-238, September.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • G3 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance
    • L1 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
    • L7 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
    • Q3 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
    • Q5 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:tiu:tiutis:61051d4e-26c6-4cbd-b039-47bcc210866d. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Richard Broekman (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/about/schools/economics-and-management/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.