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RESULTADOS y consecuencias DE LAS PRIVATIZACIONES de Empresas Públicas: Una perspectiva internacional
[THE PRIVATISATION OF STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES. RESULTS AND CONSEQUENCES:An international empirical review]

Author

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  • Vergés, Joaquim

Abstract

El objetivo del presente informe es presentar los resultados de un análisis del impacto de las privatizaciones de empresas públicas, en base a la evidencia empírica acumulada hasta ahora por los estudios que comparan el antes y el después de las Empresas Públicas privatizadas, tomando para ello las investigaciones publicadas en revistas académicas a escala internacional. Como es lo más habitual al hablar de empresas públicas (EP) y de privatizaciones, por EP se entiende aquí las de propiedad pública en economías de mercado. Quedan pues fuera del presente trabajo las privatizaciones de las empresas estatales en los países de economía planificada en su proceso de transición a economías de mercado, pues se trata de una situación muy distinta. Respecto a los resultados y consecuencias de las privatizaciones parece razonable plantearse las siguientes preguntas: En primer lugar, ¿mejora la eficiencia de las EP después de su privatización? Una pregunta relevante, pues un tópico común en declaraciones gubernamentales al presentar planes de privatización, así como en argumentos académicos defendiendo la conveniencia o necesidad de éstas, es el de que “las EP son por naturaleza menos eficientes que las privadas, por lo que al privatizar una EP ésta mejorará su eficiencia”. Afirmación que se formula de forma axiomática (sin demostrarla con evidencias empíricas sino como algo que se supone evidente por si mismo), apoyada implícitamente en la principal proposición de la teoría de los derechos de propiedad, a su vez pieza destacada en la teoría micro-económica dominante. En segundo lugar, ¿que, qué se observa, en paralelo, respecto al comportamiento comercial de la EP después de privatizada: cambios en los precios efectivos a los usuarios o clientes, y en los parámetros de calidad? Una cuestión también central, pues muchos gobiernos declaran como uno de los objetivos principales que persiguen con la privatización que las EP a privatizar –especialmente las de servicios de transportes, comunicación, energéticos, sanitarios, educativos, ..etc.- pasaran a actuar con mayor eficiencia, y que ello a su vez redundará en beneficio de los consumidores, bien sea porque la empresa privatizada bajará sus precios, o aumentará la calidad del bien o servicio que provee, o bien por una cierta mezcla de ambas cosas. Y, desde la perspectiva más general de orientar las políticas públicas al respecto, parece igualmente relevante preguntarse ¿en qué casos o situaciones de EP las diferencias observadas, sean del signo que sean, han sido más (menos) significativas? ¿Qué nos dicen los estudios disponibles sobre el efecto de la privatización sobre el nivel de empleo, y/o sobre cambios en la estructura de la plantilla de personal, en el tipo de contratos a los trabajadores, y en los salarios reales? ¿Cuál ha sido el impacto de las privatizaciones sobre las relaciones socio-político-económicas internas y respecto al exterior? Existe sin embargo una seria limitación en cuanto a poder contestar esas preguntas. Como se verá, la mayoría de las investigaciones empíricas disponibles sobre post-privatización se limitan al impacto en el funcionamiento de la empresa en sí. Y más específicamente a los cambios después-vs-antes en cuanto al nivel de eficiencia, medido éste con indicadores como tasas de beneficios (margen, rentabilidad) y (en mucha menor medida) variaciones en el índice de productividad. En cualquier caso son ese tipo de investigaciones unidimensionales, limitadas a comparar el valor de uno o más indicadores de eficiencia para el periodo post-privatización con los valores para el periodo pre-privatización, las que constituyen la gran mayoría de los trabajos empíricos disponibles en la literatura sobre el tema. Y estos son los que se analizan aquí, en el apartado 2: un total de 30 artículos. Un resumen y las conclusiones derivadas de este análisis se presentan en el apartado 3, junto con los resultados derivados de otros tres ‘surveys’ (compilaciones del mismo tipo; es decir, trabajos que tratan de establecer el ‘estado de la cuestión’) también publicados en los últimos años. Así, para cada uno de los estudios empíricos de ese conjunto de cuatro compendios, se expone aquí cual es el resultado que se desprende del mismo: si la conclusión es que la eficiencia de la/s empresa/s privatizadas examinadas mejoró, si más bien no se observan diferencias significativas, o si empeoró. Como se verá, se observa que las diferentes opciones metodológicas de los respectivos autores condicionan en cierta medida los resultados de sus investigaciones; y por otra parte que las muestras de EP privatizadas que considera cada estudio pueden no considerarse satisfactoriamente significativas. El/a lector/a podrá hacer la interpretación/ valoración correspondiente sobre esto. En cualquier caso, puede anticiparse que en conjunto estas conclusiones de los diferentes estudios empíricos no apuntan precisamente en la línea del tópico al respecto de: ‘privatizar para ganar en eficiencia’. En alrededor de la mitad de las investigaciones referidas las conclusiones que se desprenden son que la eficiencia mejoró ligeramente, y en la otra mitad que lo contrario o que no se aprecian diferencias significativas. Para interpretar esto hay que tener en cuenta que si se efectúa un análisis ‘cross-time’ similar para una muestra arbitraria de empresas, privadas o públicas –tomando un año cualquiera como referencia- lo que es de esperar estadísticamente son unos resultados repartidos de forma parecida al comparar el periodo ‘previo’ con el ‘posterior’. Lo que significa que el conjunto de la evidencia empírica disponible no valida precisamente la predicción de la ‘teoría de los derechos de propiedad’ sobre que la privatización conllevará sistemáticamente un mayor nivel de eficiencia de la EP afectada. Este aparatado 3 se completa con la aportación de alguna evidencia sobre resultados positivos de la denominada ‘privatización organizativa’ (un cambio organizativo-jurídico, siguiendo la empresa como EP). En el apartado 4 se examinan de forma específica las escasas evidencias empíricas disponibles sobre algo más que indicadores de eficiencia, como cambios en los precios reales aplicados por la empresa a los usuarios, o en la calidad, después de la privatización. Finalmente, en el apartado 5 se amplia la perspectiva para la evaluación del impacto de la privatización de una EP más allá o además de ella, abarcando también el impacto sobre los consumidores (algo muy relevante especialmente en el caso de servicios públicos: nivel de precios y de calidad), los trabajadores (nivel de empleo, salario medio), las cuentas públicas, y sobre las cuentas de otras empresas. O dicho más brevemente, se extiende el alcance del análisis a la evaluación del impacto global de una privatización sobre el bienestar económico social (5.1). Siguiendo esa línea se examinan las posibilidades del sugerente enfoque del ‘escenario contrafactual’: “¿qué hubiese ocurrido (eficiencia, precios, …etc.) si la EP ‘X’ no se hubiese privatizado –en comparación a lo que realmente se observa que ha ocurrido?” (5.2). Y se cierra el apartado con una aproximación al impacto global de las privatizaciones en otro sentido: Las repercusiones socio-económicas y políticas observadas, en países en que las privatizaciones en conjunto han sido importantes (5.3). Esta perspectiva más amplia del apartado 5 está de hecho relacionada con el contenido del apartado 1, en las páginas que siguen, pues en éste se empieza por presentar el panorama de cuales son los posibles impactos relevantes de una privatización, mostrando así el mapa de cuales serían idealmente las variables relevantes a tener en cuenta en cada caso para evaluar efectivamente –y no de forma parcial- el impacto real de la privatización. // Abstract in English: The aim of this report is to present the results of an analysis on the impact of the privatization of publicly owned enterprises (PE). It is based on the empirical evidence accumulated so far by studies that compare the scenarios before vs. after regarding PE that have been privatised. And the sources are the empirical researches which have been published in academic journals internationally. As it is the most common when talking about privatization and public owned companies, by PE it is here meant those of public ownership in market economies. Therefore, privatisations of State enterprises carried out in formerly planned-economy countries when they were engaged in their transition process to market economies are not considered in the present work, since they imply a quite different reality. Some questions seem to come obliged as far as evaluating the results and consequences of privatisations: Firstly, does the efficiency of the PEs improve after their privatisation? This is a relevant question since a common topic in governmental declarations when presenting privatisation plans -as well as in academic statements regarding that- is that "the PE are by nature less efficient than private ones, therefore if a PE is privatised it will improve its efficiency". An statement that is usually formulated in axiomatic terms (not claiming for it empirical evidence but taken it as something that is supposed to be self-evident) and which comes related to the main proposition from the property rights theory, which in turn is a core piece in orthodox micro-economic theory. Then, as a second question: What is it observed, in parallel to efficiency, with respect to the commercial behaviour of the PE after being privatised: changes in the real prices charged to users/clients, and in service’s quality parameters? This is also a core question, since most Governments claim as one of the main objectives pursued with its privatisation policy -especially regarding transport, communication, energy, education, health services,...etc.- to get the corresponding public firm to increase its efficiency which in turn will result in a benefit for consumers because then the firm will either lower prices or increase quality parameters, or a given mix of both things. And taking a broader outlook, as for orienting public policies in this regard, it seems equally relevant to ask ourselves: In which cases or situations –regarding incumbent PEs- the observed differences after-vs-before, whichever their sign, tend to be more (less) significant? What do the available studies say to us regarding changes in employment, in the structure of the firms’ workforce, the type of job contracts they come to apply, and in the real wages paid? And, looking beyond firms’ behaviour, what has been the impact of privatisations on the country’s economy and on the overall socio-economic relationships –both internal and regarding abroad? There are however serious limitations as far as answering these questions. As we will see, most of the available empirical research on post-privatization is limited to the impact on the performance of the privatised firms. And, more specifically, on assessing the after-vs-before changes in the level of efficiency, measuring it by indicators such as rates of profits (margin, profitability) and (to a much lesser extent) rate of change of the ‘total factors productivity’ index. In any case, it is that kind of one-dimensional research works, limited to compare the value of one or more efficiency ratio for the post-privatization period with the value for the pre-privatisation period, which constitute the vast majority of empirical works available in the literature on the subject. And these are the ones that are analysed here, in section 2: a total of 30 articles. A summary with the conclusions drawn from this analysis are presented in section 3, together with the results derived from other three surveys on the same type (i.e., works that try also to establish the 'state of the art') also published in recent years. Thus, it is detailed –for each of the four compendiums- which is the conclusion that emerge from each of the research articles they take into account: If it is that the efficiency of the privatized firm/s the article refers to improved, if rather no significant differences are observed, or if the firm’s efficiency got worse. As we will see, it is observed that the different methodological options of the respective authors condition to some extent their results; and on the other hand that the samples of privatized PE which considers such and such study can not be considered as fairly representative samples. The reader will make the corresponding interpretation regarding these issues. In any case, it can be anticipate here that putting altogether the conclusions from all the different available empirical studies they do not precisely lend support to the topic on the matter, 'privatize to win in efficiency'. In around half of the available articles the findings that emerge are that efficiency improved slightly, and in the other half the contrary, or that no significant differences are observed. For interpreting this overall result it must be kept in mind that if we carry out a similar cross-time analysis regarding an arbitrary sample of companies, private or public -taking a given year as a reference- what is statistically expected are results distributed in a similar way when comparing ‘previous’ period with ‘post’ period. This means that overall the available empirical evidence not confirm the prediction of the 'theory of property rights' on that privatization will systematically lead to a higher level of efficiency of the affected PE. Section 3 includes also a short presentation of research contributions that offer some evidence of positive results from the so-called 'organisational privatisation' (or ‘corporatisation’: a legal-behavioural change of the firm, leaving it as PE). Section 4 is devoted to review the scarce available empirical evidence regarding comparisons after-vs-before of something beyond efficiency: specifically changes, after the privatization, in real prices applied by the firm to users, and in quality parameters. Finally, in section 5 the scope for evaluating the impact of the privatization of a PE is extended beyond the firm, including also the impact on consumers (something very important especially in the case of public utilities: prices and quality level), on workers (employment level, average salary), on public budgets, and on other companies performance. Or more in short: To wide the scope of the analysis by assessing the global impact of privatization on economic social welfare (5.1). Following this line the possibilities of the suggestive approach of the ‘counterfactual scenario’: "what had happened (efficiency, prices,... etc.) if the PE 'X' had not been privatised- in comparison to what actually is observed that have happened?" (5.2). And the section closes with an approach to the global impact of privatisations in another sense: The socio-economic and political impact observed in countries in which privatisations have been important (5.3). This broader perspective of section 5 is in fact related to the content of section 1, en the following pages, since it begins by presenting an overview regarding which are all the possible relevant impacts of a privatisation, thus showing the map of the variables that would ideally be relevant to determine in each case in order to actually assess the full –not partial- impact of a given privatisation decision.

Suggested Citation

  • Vergés, Joaquim, 2014. "RESULTADOS y consecuencias DE LAS PRIVATIZACIONES de Empresas Públicas: Una perspectiva internacional [THE PRIVATISATION OF STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES. RESULTS AND CONSEQUENCES:An international empiri," MPRA Paper 62655, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Mar 2015.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:62655
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Privatisation and firms' efficiency Privatised firms: Changes in performance Impact of privatisations;

    JEL classification:

    • D22 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
    • H42 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods - - - Publicly Provided Private Goods
    • L32 - Industrial Organization - - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise - - - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises
    • L33 - Industrial Organization - - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise - - - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprise and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out
    • L38 - Industrial Organization - - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise - - - Public Policy
    • P14 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Capitalist Economies - - - Property Rights
    • P16 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Capitalist Economies - - - Capitalist Institutions; Welfare State

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