IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/111920.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

ICT and education as determinants of environmental quality: The role of financial development in selected Asian countries

Author

Listed:
  • Zafar, Muhammad Wasif
  • Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider
  • Mansoor, Sadia
  • Sinha, Avik
  • Qin, Quande

Abstract

Rising environmental concerns due to extensive energy consumption and carbon emission in the process of developing information communication and technology (ICT) cannot be overshadowed by its significant contribution in economic growth. This study is an attempt to explore long run influences of ICT and education on environmental quality. By incorporating the role of financial development, energy consumption and income into the function of carbon emissions, the results obtained by the continuously updated and fully modified (Cup-FM) test indicate that economic growth, education and energy consumption stimulates carbon emissions intensity in Asian countries (1990-2018). The second-generation unit root tests and Lagrange Multiplier (LM) bootstrap cointegration method investigate stationary properties and cointegration. Our findings suggest that investment in technology and financial markets require policymakers' attention as we have empirically established long-run inverse impacts of financial development and ICT on carbon emissions. Furthermore, the study suggests a focus on clean energy policy as the rising pollution levels due to fossil fuel hampers long-run productivity. This paper contributes to the existing literature by proposing that ICT-led economic policies may help solve environmental quality and economic growth issues.

Suggested Citation

  • Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Mansoor, Sadia & Sinha, Avik & Qin, Quande, 2022. "ICT and education as determinants of environmental quality: The role of financial development in selected Asian countries," MPRA Paper 111920, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2022.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:111920
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/111920/1/MPRA_paper_111920.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jalil, Abdul & Feridun, Mete, 2011. "The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 284-291, March.
    2. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Ahmad, Nawaz & Alam, Shaista, 2016. "Financial development and environmental quality: The way forward," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 353-364.
    3. Zhao, Bingyu & Yang, Wanping, 2020. "Does financial development influence CO2 emissions? A Chinese province-level study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    4. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik & Sengupta, Tuhin & Qin, Quande, 2020. "How Renewable Energy Consumption Contribute to Environmental Quality? The Role of Education in OECD Countries," MPRA Paper 100259, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 08 May 2020.
    5. Gangadharan, Lata & Valenzuela, Ma. Rebecca, 2001. "Interrelationships between income, health and the environment: extending the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 513-531, March.
    6. Asongu, Simplice A. & Le Roux, Sara & Biekpe, Nicholas, 2018. "Enhancing ICT for environmental sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 209-216.
    7. Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona & Hurlin, Christophe, 2012. "Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 1450-1460.
    8. David H. Romer & Jeffrey A. Frankel, 1999. "Does Trade Cause Growth?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(3), pages 379-399, June.
    9. Susmita Dasgupta & Benoit Laplante & Hua Wang & David Wheeler, 2002. "Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 16(1), pages 147-168, Winter.
    10. Choi, Eunho & Heshmati, Almas & Cho, Yongsung, 2010. "An Empirical Study of the Relationships between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Openness," IZA Discussion Papers 5304, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    11. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Nasir, Muhammad Ali & Hille, Erik & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar, 2020. "UK's net-zero carbon emissions target: Investigating the potential role of economic growth, financial development, and R&D expenditures based on historical data (1870–2017)," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    12. Cho, Youngsang & Lee, Jongsu & Kim, Tai-Yoo, 2007. "The impact of ICT investment and energy price on industrial electricity demand: Dynamic growth model approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(9), pages 4730-4738, September.
    13. Simplice A. Asongu, 2018. "Conditional Determinants of Mobile Phones Penetration and Mobile Banking in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 9(1), pages 81-135, March.
    14. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hye, Qazi Muhammad Adnan & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Leitão, Nuno Carlos, 2013. "Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 109-121.
    15. Schaefer, Carsten & Weber, Christoph & Voss, Alfred, 2003. "Energy usage of mobile telephone services in Germany," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 411-420.
    16. Olatunji Abdul Shobande, 2021. "Decomposing the Persistent and Transitory Effect of Information and Communication Technology on Environmental Impacts Assessment in Africa: Evidence from Mundlak Specification," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-12, April.
    17. Sadorsky, Perry, 2012. "Correlations and volatility spillovers between oil prices and the stock prices of clean energy and technology companies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 248-255.
    18. Sinha, Avik, 2018. "Impact of ICT exports and internet usage on carbon emissions: A case of OECD countries," MPRA Paper 103716, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2018.
    19. Zaman, Khalid & Moemen, Mitwali Abd-el., 2017. "Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic development: Evaluating alternative and plausible environmental hypothesis for sustainable growth," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1119-1130.
    20. Xu, Xin & Huang, Shupei & An, Haizhong, 2021. "Identification and causal analysis of the influence channels of financial development on CO2 emissions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    21. Ahmed, Khalid & Rehman, Mujeeb Ur & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2017. "What drives carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run? Evidence from selected South Asian Countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1142-1153.
    22. Omri, Anis & Daly, Saida & Rault, Christophe & Chaibi, Anissa, 2015. "Financial development, environmental quality, trade and economic growth: What causes what in MENA countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 242-252.
    23. Boutabba, Mohamed Amine, 2014. "The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 33-41.
    24. Balaguer, Jacint & Cantavella, Manuel, 2018. "The role of education in the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Evidence from Australian data," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 289-296.
    25. Kasman, Saadet & Kasman, Adnan, 2015. "Bank competition, concentration and financial stability in the Turkish banking industry," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 502-517.
    26. Sapkota, Pratikshya & Bastola, Umesh, 2017. "Foreign direct investment, income, and environmental pollution in developing countries: Panel data analysis of Latin America," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 206-212.
    27. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Kumar Tiwari, Aviral & Nasir, Muhammad, 2013. "The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 1452-1459.
    28. Recep Ulucak & Danish & Salah Ud‐Din Khan, 2020. "Does information and communication technology affect CO2 mitigation under the pathway of sustainable development during the mode of globalization?," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(4), pages 857-867, July.
    29. Balado-Naves, Roberto & Baños-Pino, José Francisco & Mayor, Matías, 2018. "Do countries influence neighbouring pollution? A spatial analysis of the EKC for CO2 emissions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 266-279.
    30. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Kumar, Ronald Ravinesh & Zakaria, Muhammad & Hurr, Maryam, 2017. "Carbon emission, energy consumption, trade openness and financial development in Pakistan: A revisit," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 185-192.
    31. Amri, Fethi & Zaied, Younes Ben & Lahouel, Bechir Ben, 2019. "ICT, total factor productivity, and carbon dioxide emissions in Tunisia," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 212-217.
    32. Dehghan Shabani, Zahra & Shahnazi, Rouhollah, 2019. "Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, information and communications technology, and gross domestic product in Iranian economic sectors: A panel causality analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 1064-1078.
    33. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Sinha, Avik & Ahmed, Zahoor & Qin, Quande & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider, 2021. "Effects of biomass energy consumption on environmental quality: The role of education and technology in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    34. Mohamed Amine Boutabba, 2014. "The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy," Post-Print hal-02877966, HAL.
    35. Alexander Bass & Dmitry Burakov & Max Freidin, 2019. "Does Financial Development Matter for Environmental Kuznets Curve in Russia? Evidence from the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Test Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(4), pages 334-341.
    36. Zhao, Jun & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Dong, Xiucheng & Dong, Kangyin, 2021. "How does financial risk affect global CO2 emissions? The role of technological innovation," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    37. Shahiduzzaman, Md. & Alam, Khorshed, 2014. "Information technology and its changing roles to economic growth and productivity in Australia," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 125-135.
    38. H.-J. Engelbrecht & V. Xayavong, 2007. "The Elusive Contribution Of Ict To Productivity Growth In New Zealand: Evidence From An Extended Industry-Level Growth Accounting Model," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(4), pages 255-275.
    39. Ben Lahouel, Béchir & Taleb, Lotfi & Ben Zaied, Younes & Managi, Shunsuke, 2021. "Does ICT change the relationship between total factor productivity and CO2 emissions? Evidence based on a nonlinear model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    40. Cai, Shun & Chen, Xi & Bose, Indranil, 2013. "Exploring the role of IT for environmental sustainability in China: An empirical analysis," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(2), pages 491-500.
    41. Managi, Shunsuke & Jena, Pradyot Ranjan, 2008. "Environmental productivity and Kuznets curve in India," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(2), pages 432-440, April.
    42. Salahuddin, Mohammad & Alam, Khorshed & Ozturk, Ilhan & Sohag, Kazi, 2018. "The effects of electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Kuwait," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2002-2010.
    43. Lee, Jung Wan, 2013. "The contribution of foreign direct investment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 483-489.
    44. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Solarin, Sakiru Adebola & Mahmood, Haider & Arouri, Mohamed, 2013. "Does financial development reduce CO2 emissions in Malaysian economy? A time series analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 145-152.
    45. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Khan, Naveed R. & Mirza, Faisal Mehmood & Hou, Fujun & Kirmani, Syed Ali Ashiq, 2019. "The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: The case of the United States," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    46. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Sinha, Avik & Gedikli, Ayfer & Hou, Fujun, 2019. "The role of stock market and banking sector development, and renewable energy consumption in carbon emissions: Insights from G-7 and N-11 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 427-436.
    47. Vlad C. Coroama & Lorenz M. Hilty & Ernst Heiri & Frank M. Horn, 2013. "The Direct Energy Demand of Internet Data Flows," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 17(5), pages 680-688, October.
    48. Zhang, Chuanguo & Liu, Cong, 2015. "The impact of ICT industry on CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 12-19.
    49. Ali, Wajahat & Abdullah, Azrai & Azam, Muhammad, 2017. "Re-visiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Malaysia: Fresh evidence from ARDL bounds testing approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 990-1000.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Charfeddine, Lanouar & Umlai, Mohamed, 2023. "ICT sector, digitization and environmental sustainability: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    2. Bright Akwasi Gyamfi & Asiedu B. Ampomah & Festus V. Bekun & Simplice A. Asongu, 2022. "Can information and communication technology and institutional quality help mitigate climate change in E7 economies? An environmental Kuznets curve extension," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 11(1), pages 1-20, December.
    3. Zhang, Chunhong & Khan, Irfan & Dagar, Vishal & Saeed, Asif & Zafar, Muhammad Wasif, 2022. "Environmental impact of information and communication technology: Unveiling the role of education in developing countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    4. Li, Wei & Cao, Ning & Xiang, Zejia, 2023. "Drivers of renewable energy transition: The role of ICT, human development, financialization, and R&D investment in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 441-450.
    5. Barut, Abdulkadir & Kaya, Emine & Bekun, Festus Victor & Cengiz, Sevgi, 2023. "Environmental sustainability amidst financial inclusion in five fragile economies: Evidence from lens of environmental Kuznets curve," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    6. Li, Zhong & Liu, Weibai & Wei, Xun, 2023. "The impact of digital finance development on carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from households in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    7. Cai, Xuesen & Wei, Changjing, 2023. "Does financial inclusion and renewable energy impede environmental quality: Empirical evidence from BRI countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 481-490.
    8. Irfan, Muhammad & Chen, Zhenling & Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday & Al-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh, 2022. "Socio-economic and technological drivers of sustainability and resources management: Demonstrating the role of information and communications technology and financial development using advanced wavele," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    9. Songqin Zhao & Diyun Peng & Huwei Wen & Huilin Song, 2022. "Does the Digital Economy Promote Upgrading the Industrial Structure of Chinese Cities?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-19, August.
    10. Gopinathan Satheedevi, Amrutha & Sharma, Abhibhav & Dhar, Murali, 2022. "How do the anthropogenic factors affect the environment in India? Evidence from the urban provinces," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Nasir, Muhammad Ali & Roubaud, David, 2018. "Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 843-857.
    2. Irfan, Muhammad & Chen, Zhenling & Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday & Al-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh, 2022. "Socio-economic and technological drivers of sustainability and resources management: Demonstrating the role of information and communications technology and financial development using advanced wavele," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    3. Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Jiao, Zhilun, 2021. "Financing clean energy projects: New empirical evidence from major investment countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 231-241.
    4. Mirza Md Moyen Uddin, 2020. "Does financial development stimulate environmental sustainability? Evidence from a panel study of 115 countries," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(6), pages 2871-2889, September.
    5. Zhang, Chunhong & Khan, Irfan & Dagar, Vishal & Saeed, Asif & Zafar, Muhammad Wasif, 2022. "Environmental impact of information and communication technology: Unveiling the role of education in developing countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    6. Kim, Dong-Hyeon & Wu, Yi-Chen & Lin, Shu-Chin, 2020. "Carbon dioxide emissions and the finance curse," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    7. Muhammad Shahbaz & Mehmet Akif Destek & Michael L. Polemis, 2018. "Do Foreign Capital and Financial Development Affect Clean Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions? Evidence from BRICS and Next-11 Countries," SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, University of Piraeus, vol. 68(4), pages 20-50, October-D.
    8. Acheampong, Alex O. & Amponsah, Mary & Boateng, Elliot, 2020. "Does financial development mitigate carbon emissions? Evidence from heterogeneous financial economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    9. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Sinha, Avik & Ahmed, Zahoor & Qin, Quande & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider, 2021. "Effects of biomass energy consumption on environmental quality: The role of education and technology in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    10. Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy & Ummalla, Mallesh & Apergis, Nicholas, 2016. "The effect of foreign direct investment and stock market growth on clean energy use across a panel of emerging market economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 29-41.
    11. Magdalena Ziolo & Krzysztof Kluza & Anna Spoz, 2019. "Impact of Sustainable Financial and Economic Development on Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Developed and Converging Economies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-30, November.
    12. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Seyi Saint Akadiri & Ilham Haouas & Husam Rjoub, 2023. "A Time-Varying Analysis between Financial Development and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the MINT countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(5), pages 1207-1227, August.
    13. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Ahmad, Nawaz & Alam, Shaista, 2016. "Financial development and environmental quality: The way forward," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 353-364.
    14. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Sohag, Kazi & Aydın, Sercan & Destek, Gamze, 2022. "Foreign direct investment, stock market capitalization and sustainable development: Relative impacts of domestic and foreign capital," MPRA Paper 117551, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Yan, Bin & Wang, Feng & Dong, Mingru & Ren, Jing & Liu, Juan & Shan, Jing, 2022. "How do financial spatial structure and economic agglomeration affect carbon emission intensity? Theory extension and evidence from China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    16. Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor & Binyam Afewerk Demena, 2022. "Trade Openness and Environmental Emissions: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 81(2), pages 287-321, February.
    17. Salahuddin, Mohammad & Alam, Khorshed & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2016. "The effects of Internet usage and economic growth on CO2 emissions in OECD countries: A panel investigation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1226-1235.
    18. Khezri, Mohsen & Karimi, Mohammad Sharif & Khan, Y.A. & Abbas, S.Z., 2021. "The spillover of financial development on CO2 emission: A spatial econometric analysis of Asia-Pacific countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    19. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Destek, Mehmet Akif & Dong, Kangyin & Jiao, Zhilun, 2021. "Time-varying impact of financial development on carbon emissions in G-7 countries: Evidence from the long history," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    20. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Sinha, Avik & Özsoy, Ferda Nakıpoglu & Zafar, Muhammad Wasif, 2023. "Capital Flow and Environmental Quality at Crossroads: Designing a Sustainable Policy Framework for the Newly Industrialized Countries," MPRA Paper 117560, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Environmental Quality; ICT; Education; Financial development; Economic growth;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q5 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:111920. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.