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Contracting innovations and the evolution of clearing and settlement methods at futures exchanges

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James T. Moser

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Abstract

Defining futures contracts as substitutes for associated cash transactions enables a discussion of the evolution of controls over contract nonperformance risk. These controls are incorporated into exchange methods for clearing contracts. Three clearing methods are discussed: direct, ringing and complete. The incidence and operation of each are described. Direct-clearing systems feature bilateral contracts with terms specified by the counterparties to the contract. Exchanges relying on direct clearing system chiefly serve as mediators in trade disputes. Ringing is shown to facilitate contract offset by increasing the number of potential counterparties. Ringing settlements reduce counterparty credit risk by reducing the accumulation of dependencies as contracts are offset. Ringing settlements also lower the cost of maintaining open contract positions, chiefly by lowering the amount or required margin deposits. Exchanges employing ringing methods generally adopted a clearinghouse to handle payments. Complete clearing interposes the clearinghouse as counterparty to every contract. This measure ensures that contracts are fungible with respect to both the underlying commodity and counterparty risk.

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Paper provided by Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago in its series Working Paper Series with number WP-98-26.

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Date of creation: 1998
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Handle: RePEc:fip:fedhwp:wp-98-26

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Keywords: Contracts ; Futures ; Clearinghouses (Banking);

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Baer, Herbert L. & France, Virginia G. & Moser, James T., 1994. "Opportunity cost and prudentiality : an analysis of futures clearinghouse behavior," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1340, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  2. Telser, Lester G, 1986. "Futures and Actual Markets: How They Are Related," Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 59(2), pages S5-20, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Kane, Edward J, 1980. " Market Incompleteness and Divergences between Forward and Future Interest Rates," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 35(2), pages 221-34, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Cox, John C. & Ingersoll, Jonathan Jr. & Ross, Stephen A., 1981. "The relation between forward prices and futures prices," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 321-346, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. North, Douglass C, 1991. "Institutions," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 5(1), pages 97-112, Winter. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Gorton, Gary & Mullineaux, Donald J, 1987. "The Joint Production of Confidence: Endogenous Regulation and Nineteenth Century Commercial-Bank Clearinghouses," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 19(4), pages 457-68, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Smith, Clifford Jr. & Warner, Jerold B., 1979. "On financial contracting : An analysis of bond covenants," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 117-161, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Mark Flannery, 1999. "Modernizing Financial Regulation: The Relation Between Interbank Transactions and Supervisory Reform," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer, vol. 16(2), pages 101-116, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Eugene N. White, 2007. "The Crash of 1882, Counterparty Risk, and the Bailout of the Paris Bourse," NBER Working Papers 12933, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Douglas D. Evanoff & Daniela Russo & Robert Steigerwald, 2006. "Policymakers, researchers, and practitioners discuss the role of central counterparties," Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, issue Q IV, pages 2-21. [Downloadable!]
  4. Randall Kroszner, 2000. "Lessons from Financial Crises: The Role of Clearinghouses," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 157-171, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Elisabeth Ledrut & Christian Upper, 2007. "Changing post-trading arrangements for OTC derivatives," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, December. [Downloadable!]
  6. Randall S. Kroszner, 2000. "The supply of and demand for financial regulation : public and private competition around the globe : commentary," Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pages 137-149. [Downloadable!]
  7. John P Jackson & Mark J Manning, . "Comparing the pre-settlement risk implications of alternative clearing arrangements," Bank of England working papers 321, Bank of England. [Downloadable!]
  8. Robert R. Bliss & Robert Steigerwald, 2006. "Derivatives clearing and settlement: a comparison of central counterparties and alternative structures," Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, issue Q IV, pages 22-29. [Downloadable!]
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