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The (dis)advantages of clearinghouses before the Fed

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  • Jaremski, Matthew

Abstract

Operating in individual cities, US clearinghouses were the closest thing to a central bank before 1914, but they only assisted banks that chose to join the association. Using an annual bank-level database for seven states between 1880 and 1910, this paper shows that after the entry of a clearinghouse member banks were less likely and nonmember banks in the same city were more likely to close. The results are driven by the fact that the presence of clearinghouses led all banks to become more exposed to systemic liquidity risk, yet provided liquidity only to member banks during panics.

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  • Jaremski, Matthew, 2018. "The (dis)advantages of clearinghouses before the Fed," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(3), pages 435-458.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:127:y:2018:i:3:p:435-458
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.01.002
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    Cited by:

    1. Jaremski, Matthew & Wheelock, David C., 2020. "The Founding of the Federal Reserve, the Great Depression, and the Evolution of the U.S. Interbank Network," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 80(1), pages 69-99, March.
    2. Joost Bats & William Greif & Daniel Kapp, 2021. "The rise in the cross-sectoral dispersion of earnings expectations during COVID-19," Working Papers 724, DNB.
    3. Calomiris, Charles W. & Jaremski, Matthew, 2023. "Florida (Un)chained," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    4. Christopher Hoag, 2019. "Bank Executive Experience in a Financial Crisis," Working Papers 1902, Trinity College, Department of Economics.
    5. Ladley, Daniel & Rousseau, Peter L., 2023. "Panic and propagation in 1873: A network analytic approach," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    6. Stefano Ugolini, 2018. "The Historical Evolution of Central Banking," Post-Print hal-01887004, HAL.
    7. Christopher Hoag, 2019. "Liquidity and Borrowing from a Lender of Last Resort during the Crisis of 1884," Working Papers 1901, Trinity College, Department of Economics, revised Jul 2019.
    8. Bats, Joost & Greif, William & Kapp, Daniel, 2022. "The rise in the cross-sectoral dispersion of earnings expectations during COVID-19," Working Paper Series 2664, European Central Bank.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Bank regulation; Financial panics; Regulatory arbitrage; Clearinghouses; Interbank networks; Bank failure; National Banking Era;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • N21 - Economic History - - Financial Markets and Institutions - - - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

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