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Shadow Economies Around the World - Size, Causes, and Consequences

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Author Info
Schneider, Friedrich
Enste, Dominik

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Abstract

Using various methods (currency demand, physical input (electricity) method, model approach), which are discussed and criticized, estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries are presented. The average size of a sha dow economy varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD, to 23 percent for transition and to 39 percent for developing countries. An increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulatory activities are the drivin g forces for the increase of the shadow economy especially in OECD-countries. According to some findings, a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth, and a positive impact of corruption on the size of the shadow economy can be found.

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Paper provided by CESifo Group Munich in its series CESifo Working Paper Series with number CESifo Working Paper No. 196.

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Date of creation: 1999
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Handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_196

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
D78 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
H26 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Tax Evasion
O17 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
O50 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - General

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  1. Saracoglu, Durdane Sirin, 2003. "On The Size And The Evolution Of The Informal Sector In Developing Countries: The Case Of Turkey," 2003 Annual meeting, July 27-30, Montreal, Canada 22211, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association). [Downloadable!]
  2. Edward Christie & Mario Holzner, 2006. "What Explains Tax Evasion? An Empirical Assessment based on European Data," Working Papers 40, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw. [Downloadable!]
  3. Leonor Vasconcelos Ferreira & Adelaide Figueiredo, 2005. "Welfare Regimes in the UE 15 and in the Enlarged Europe: An exploratory analysis," FEP Working Papers 176, Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto. [Downloadable!]
  4. Gudrun Biffl, 2002. "Labour Statistics – Towards Enlargement. Labour Market Flexibility: The Role of the Informal Sector in the Context of EU Enlargement and the Need for a Systematic Statistical Base," WIFO Working Papers 190, WIFO. [Downloadable!]
  5. Claudia M. Buch & Ralph P. Heinrich & Lusine Lusinyan & Mechthild Schrooten, 2000. "RussiaÂ’s Debt Crisis and the Unofficial Economy," Kiel Working Papers 978, Kiel Institute for the World Economy. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  6. Friedrich Schneider, 2000. "The Increase of the size of the shadow economy of 18 OECD countries: Some preliminary explanations," Economics working papers 2000-08, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria. [Downloadable!]
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  7. Fatima Alaoui Moustain, 2004. "Market distortions and the informal economy: the case of Morocco," Working Papers 000294, Lancaster University Management School, Economics Department. [Downloadable!]
  8. Katarina Ott, 2002. "The Underground Economy in Croatia," Occasional paper series 12, Institute of Public Finance. [Downloadable!]
  9. Hans-Werner Sinn, 2000. "Why a Funded Pension System is Useful and Why It is Not Useful," NBER Working Papers 7592, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Chiumya, Chiza, 2007. "The Parallel Economy in Malawi: Size, Effect on Tax Revenue and Policy Options," MPRA Paper 9860, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  11. Hans-Werner Sinn, 2000. "Why a Funded Pension System is Needed and Why It is Not Needed," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer, vol. 7(4), pages 389-410, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Wolfgang Maennig, 2004. "Korruption im internationalen Sport: ökonomische Analyse und Lösungsansätze," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 73(2), pages 263-291.
  13. Chiumya, Chiza, 2006. "Counteracting Tax Evasion In Malawi: An Analysis Of The Methods And A Quest For Improvement," MPRA Paper 9892, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  14. Albu, Lucian-Liviu & Nicolae, Mariana, 2003. "Use of households survey data to estimate the size of the informal economy in Romania," MPRA Paper 14286, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  15. Trevor Breusch, 2005. "Estimating the Underground Economy using MIMIC Models," Econometrics 0507003, EconWPA, revised 25 Jul 2005. [Downloadable!]
  16. Bernhard Seidel & Mechthild Schrooten, 2000. "Fiscal Federalism and Financial Resources for Regional Development - Co-operative and Competitive Models: The International Experience - an Example for Russia?," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 220, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
  17. Leonor Vasconcelos Ferreira & Adelaide Figueiredo, 2005. "Welfare Regimes in the UE 15 and in the Enlarged Europe - an Exploratory Analysis," ERSA conference papers ersa05p72, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  18. Kaufmann, Daniel, 2005. "Myths and Realities of Governance and Corruption," MPRA Paper 8089, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  19. Marco G. Ercolani, 2000. "Inflation Tax and the Hidden Economy," Economics Discussion Papers 509, University of Essex, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  20. Leonardo Gasparini & Leonardo Tornaroli, 2009. "Labor Informality in Latin America and the Caribbean: Patterns and Trends from Household Survey Microdata," REVISTA DESARROLLO Y SOCIEDAD, UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES-CEDE. [Downloadable!]
  21. Shima, Isilda, 2004. "The shadow economy in Norway: Demand for currency approach," Memorandum 10/2004, Oslo University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
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