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Trade without “scale effects”

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  • Pedro Bento

Abstract

Across countries, average incomes are related to population density, but not population per se. At the same time, the number of firms in both manufacturing and services are essentially proportional to population but unrelated to density (controlling for population). Why are these distinctions important? Moving from autarky to free trade is much more like increasing population while keeping density fixed. In this paper, I extend a simple variety model by considering an economy made up of a large number of geographical markets of fixed area. Firms must incur a cost to access each market, and this cost is convex in the number of markets entered. Assuming no firm chooses to access all markets within an economy, increasing both population and the number of markets proportionately has no effect on firms’ market access decision and so the number of firms per capita and average incomes remain unchanged. The implications of the model for trade are stark. If two identical countries open up to trade, there are no gains from trade. If two different countries open up to trade but no comparative advantage exists, there are no gains from trade. Countries trade (and gains from trade exist) only if comparative advantage exists. If comparative advantage exists, the gains from trade are lower than in a standard variety model. But if comparative advantage is ignored, the true gains from trade can be much higher than the gains calculated using a standard sufficient‐statistic formula. Le commerce sans « effet d'échelle ». D'un pays à l'autre, les revenus moyens sont liés à la densité démographique, pas à la population seule. Parallèlement, le nombre d'entreprises dans les secteurs manufacturiers et des services est essentiellement proportionnel à la population, mais pas à la densité démographique (en tenant compte de la population). En quoi ces distinctions sont‐elles importantes? Pour un pays, passer de l'autarcie au libre‐échange reviendrait à multiplier la population tout en conservant la même densité démographique. Dans cet article, j'étends un modèle de variété simple à une économie constituée d'une multitude de marchés géographiques délimités. Pour accéder à chaque marché, les entreprises doivent engager des coûts; ces coûts sont convexes par rapport au nombre de marchés intégrés. En supposant qu'aucune entreprise ne choisisse d'intégrer tous les marchés d'une économie, l'augmentation de la population et, proportionnellement, du nombre de marchés, ne pèse en rien sur la décision des entreprises d'accéder ou non à ces marchés. Par conséquent, le nombre d'entreprises ainsi que les revenus moyens par habitant ne changent pas. Les répercussions de ce modèle sur les échanges sont importantes. Si deux pays identiques s'ouvrent au commerce, les gains liés aux échanges sont nuls. Si deux pays différents s'ouvrent au commerce, et en l'absence d'avantage comparatif, les gains liés aux échanges sont également nuls. Les pays n'échangent (et les gains commerciaux n'émergent) qu'en présence d'un avantage comparatif. En présence d'un avantage comparatif, les gains commerciaux sont inférieurs à ceux générés dans modèle de variété standard. Néanmoins, si l'avantage comparatif est ignoré, alors les véritables gains liés aux échanges sont bien plus élevés que ceux calculés au moyen d'une formule de statistique exhaustive standard.

Suggested Citation

  • Pedro Bento, 2021. "Trade without “scale effects”," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(3), pages 1252-1274, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:54:y:2021:i:3:p:1252-1274
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12532
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    References listed on IDEAS

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