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Pitfalls in Bootstrapping Spurious Regression

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  • Peter C. B. Phillips

    (Yale University
    University of Auckland
    Singapore Management University
    University of Southampton)

Abstract

The bootstrap is shown to be inconsistent in spurious regression. The failure of the bootstrap is spectacular in that the bootstrap effectively turns a spurious regression into a cointegrating regression. In particular, the serial correlation coefficient of the residuals in the bootstrap regression does not converge to unity, so the bootstrap is not even first order consistent. The block bootstrap serial correlation coefficient does converge to unity and is therefore first order consistent, but has a slower rate of convergence and a different limit distribution from that of the sample data serial correlation coefficient. The analysis covers spurious regressions involving both deterministic trends and stochastic trends. Methods are developed for analyzing the asymptotic behavior of bootstrap techniques with nonstationary time series and the results reinforce longstanding warnings about routine use of the bootstrap with dependent data.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter C. B. Phillips, 2021. "Pitfalls in Bootstrapping Spurious Regression," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 19(1), pages 163-217, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jqecon:v:19:y:2021:i:1:d:10.1007_s40953-021-00268-6
    DOI: 10.1007/s40953-021-00268-6
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dean Corbae & Sam Ouliaris & Peter C. B. Phillips, 2002. "Band Spectral Regression with Trending Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(3), pages 1067-1109, May.
    2. Peter C.B. Phillips, 1987. "Multiple Regression with Integrated Time Series," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 852, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
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    4. George Kapetanios & Fotis Papailias & A. M. Robert Taylor, 2019. "A Generalised Fractional Differencing Bootstrap for Long Memory Processes," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(4), pages 467-492, July.
    5. Peter C.B. Phillips, 1999. "Discrete Fourier Transforms of Fractional Processes," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1243, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    6. Sargan, J D, 1976. "Econometric Estimators and the Edgeworth Approximation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 44(3), pages 421-448, May.
    7. Paparoditis, Efstathios & Politis, Dimitris N., 2005. "Bootstrapping Unit Root Tests for Autoregressive Time Series," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 100, pages 545-553, June.
    8. Sargan, J D & Mikhail, W M, 1971. "A General Approximation to the Distribution of Instrumental Variables Estimates," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 39(1), pages 131-169, January.
    9. Sargan, J D, 1978. "On the Existence of the Moments of 3SLS Estimators," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(6), pages 1329-1350, November.
    10. Phillips, P C B, 1986. "The Exact Distribution of the Wald Statistic," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 54(4), pages 881-895, July.
    11. Phillips, P.C.B., 1986. "Understanding spurious regressions in econometrics," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 311-340, December.
    12. Phillips, Peter C B, 1985. "The Exact Distribution of the SUR Estimator," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 53(4), pages 745-756, July.
    13. Phillips, P C B, 1987. "Time Series Regression with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 277-301, March.
    14. Javier Hidalgo, 2003. "An Alternative Bootstrap to Moving Blocks for Time Series Regression Models," STICERD - Econometrics Paper Series 452, Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE.
    15. Hidalgo, Javier, 2003. "An alternative bootstrap to moving blocks for time series regression models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 117(2), pages 369-399, December.
    16. Phillips, Peter, 1999. "Discrete Fourier Transforms of Fractional Processes August," Working Papers 149, Department of Economics, The University of Auckland.
    17. Phillips, Peter C B & Ploberger, Werner, 1996. "An Asymptotic Theory of Bayesian Inference for Time Series," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 64(2), pages 381-412, March.
    18. Li, Hongyi & Maddala, G. S., 1997. "Bootstrapping cointegrating regressions," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 80(2), pages 297-318, October.
    19. Sargan, J D, 1980. "Some Approximations to the Distribution of Econometric Criteria Which are Asymptotically Distributed as Chi-Squared," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(5), pages 1107-1138, July.
    20. Hidalgo, Javier, 2003. "An alternative bootstrap to moving blocks for time series regression models," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 6850, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    21. Ullah, Aman, 2004. "Finite Sample Econometrics," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198774488.
    22. Phillips, Peter C.B., 2003. "Vision And Influence In Econometrics: John Denis Sargan," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 19(3), pages 495-511, June.
    23. Phillips, P.C.B., 1984. "The exact distribution of the Stein-rule estimator," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 25(1-2), pages 123-131.
    24. P. C. B. Phillips, 1980. "Finite Sample Theory and the Distributions of Alternative Estimators of the Marginal Propensity to Consume," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 183-224.
    25. Efstathios Paparoditis & Dimitris N. Politis, 1999. "The Local Bootstrap for Periodogram Statistics," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(2), pages 193-222, March.
    26. Efstathios Paparoditis & Dimitris N. Politis, 2003. "Residual-Based Block Bootstrap for Unit Root Testing," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 71(3), pages 813-855, May.
    27. Peter C.B. Phillips, 1982. "Small Sample Distribution Theory in Econometric Models of Simultaneous Equations," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 617, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    28. Phillips, P C B, 1987. "Time Series Regression with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 277-301, March.
    29. Peter C. B. Phillips, 1998. "New Tools for Understanding Spurious Regressions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 66(6), pages 1299-1326, November.
    30. Sargan, J D, 1975. "Gram-Charlier Approximations Applied to t Ratios of k-Class Estimators," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 43(2), pages 327-346, March.
    31. Park, Joon Y., 2002. "An Invariance Principle For Sieve Bootstrap In Time Series," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(2), pages 469-490, April.
    32. Durlauf, Steven N & Phillips, Peter C B, 1988. "Trends versus Random Walks in Time Series Analysis," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 56(6), pages 1333-1354, November.
    33. Phillips, Peter C.B. & Magdalinos, Tassos, 2009. "Unit Root And Cointegrating Limit Theory When Initialization Is In The Infinite Past," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 25(6), pages 1682-1715, December.
    34. Kim, Young Min & Nordman, Daniel J., 2013. "A frequency domain bootstrap for Whittle estimation under long-range dependence," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 405-420.
    35. Arteche González, Jesús María, 2020. "Frequency Domain Local Bootstrap in long memory time series," BILTOKI info:eu-repo/grantAgreeme, Universidad del País Vasco - Departamento de Economía Aplicada III (Econometría y Estadística).
    36. Phillips, Peter C.B., 2007. "Unit root log periodogram regression," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 138(1), pages 104-124, May.
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    1. Yong Bao & Aman Ullah, 2021. "The Special Issue in Honor of Anirudh Lal Nagar: An Introduction," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 19(1), pages 1-8, December.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Asymptotic theory; Bootstrap; Brownian motion; Cointegration; LK representation; Nonstationarity; Residual diagnostics; Unit root;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes

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