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Title IX, Girls’ Sports Participation, and Adult Female Physical Activity and Weight

Author

Listed:
  • Robert Kaestner

    (Institute of government and Public Affairs, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, kaestner@uic.edu)

  • Xin Xu

    (UIC Institute for Health Research and Policy, Westside Research Office, Chicago, Illinois)

Abstract

Arguably, the most important school-based intervention to increase physical activity was Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which led to a 600% increase in girls' sports participation between 1972 and 1978. We studied the effect of this increase in sports participation and athletic opportunities while young on the physical activity and weight of adult women some 20-25 years later. Our results indicate that adult women who were affected by Title IX and had greater opportunity to participate in athletics while young had lower body mass index (BMI) and lower rates of obesity and reported being more physically active than women who were not afforded these opportunities. However, effect sizes were quite modest.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert Kaestner & Xin Xu, 2010. "Title IX, Girls’ Sports Participation, and Adult Female Physical Activity and Weight," Evaluation Review, , vol. 34(1), pages 52-78, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:evarev:v:34:y:2010:i:1:p:52-78
    DOI: 10.1177/0193841X09353539
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gary S. Becker, 2007. "Health as human capital: synthesis and extensions -super-1," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 59(3), pages 379-410, July.
    2. Robert Kaestner & Xin Xu, 2006. "Effects of Title IX and Sports Participation on Girls’ Physical Activity and Weight," Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, in: The Economics of Obesity, pages 79-111, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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    Cited by:

    1. Black, Nicole & Johnston, David W. & Propper, Carol & Shields, Michael A., 2019. "The effect of school sports facilities on physical activity, health and socioeconomic status in adulthood," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 120-128.
    2. Anthony C. Santos & Tristan J. Turner & Dierdra K. Bycura, 2022. "Current and Future Trends in Strength and Conditioning for Female Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-23, February.
    3. Kimberly H. McManama O’Brien & Miriam Rowan & Kyra Willoughby & Kelsey Griffith & Melissa A. Christino, 2021. "Psychological Resilience in Young Female Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-11, August.
    4. Sen Choudhury, Rebecca & Conway, Karen Smith, 2020. "The effect of tobacco policies on youth physical activity," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    5. Lisa Schulkind, 2017. "Getting a Sporting Chance: Title IX and the Intergenerational Transmission of Health," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(12), pages 1583-1600, December.
    6. Guldi, Melanie, 2016. "Title IX and the education of teen mothers," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 103-116.
    7. Nayoung Rim, 2021. "The Effect of Title IX on Gender Disparity in Graduate Education," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(2), pages 521-552, March.
    8. Callison, Kevin & Lowen, Aaron, 2022. "The long-run effects of adolescent athletic participation on women’s health," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).

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