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Mesures de la pauvreté et politiques sociales : une étude comparative de la France, de la RFA et du Royaume-Uni

Author

Listed:
  • Anthony B. Atkinson
  • Sandrine Cazes
  • S. Milano
  • J. Assemat
  • B. Jeandidier
  • R. Teekens
  • M.A. Zaïdi

Abstract

[eng] Statistics of « 44 million in poverty in Europe » have been widely reported, and figures for the proportion in poverty in different countries have entered debates about the allocation of funds in the European Community. This article examines the problem of measuring poverty in rich countries and its relation to social policy, taking for this purpose a case study of France, the United Kingdom and West Germany. It demonstrates the importance of issues which may not be immediately apparent such as whether one considers households or individuals, and the choice of equivalence scale. The authors caution that reliable com- parisons cannot be made of the three countries in the present state statistical knowledge, and go on to argue that the findings need to interpreted in the light of differing social policies. [fre] La comparaison de la pauvreté dans différents pays européens joue un rôle important dans le débat politique, les différences de niveau pouvant servir à évaluer la capacité des politiques à lutter contre la pauvreté et à identifier les priorités dans l'allocation de fonds. Procéder à une telle comparaison nécessite un examen attentif des concepts sous-jacents à l'analyse statistique. Cet article discute plusieurs points méthodologiques déterminants : le choix des sources statistiques, le choix d'un indicateur de pauvreté et de ses caractéristiques, l'unité d'analyse employée, le choix d'une échelle d'équivalence et la détermination d'une ligne de pauvreté. Une sélection d'études nationales sur la pauvreté en France, en RFA et au Royaume-Uni permet de montrer comment les choix effectués affectent les conclusions tirées, tant sur l'étendue que sur la composition des populations pauvres. Les aspects conceptuels des études sur la pauvreté rendent ainsi délicate la comparaison de l'efficacité des politiques sociales de chaque pays. Mais l'existence même de ces politiques affecte également la mesure de la pauvreté, les choix méthodologiques reflétant les choix sociaux : l'utilisation, dans les travaux allemands et anglais, de l'allocation universelle d'assistance comme seuil de pauvreté en constitue un exemple. En France, la mise en place d'une telle aide sociale, le RMI, est plus récente. On peut donc espérer tirer des enseignements des expériences allemande et anglaise.

Suggested Citation

  • Anthony B. Atkinson & Sandrine Cazes & S. Milano & J. Assemat & B. Jeandidier & R. Teekens & M.A. Zaïdi, 1990. "Mesures de la pauvreté et politiques sociales : une étude comparative de la France, de la RFA et du Royaume-Uni," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 33(1), pages 105-130.
    • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1990_num_33_1_1676
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1990.1676
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1990.1676
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Atkinson, A B, 1987. "On the Measurement of Poverty," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(4), pages 749-764, July.
    2. van Praag, Bernard & Goedhart, Theo & Kapteyn, Arie, 1980. "The Poverty Line-A Pilot Survey in Europe," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 62(3), pages 461-465, August.
    3. Brian Nolan, 1989. "An evaluation of the new official low income statistics," Fiscal Studies, Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 10(4), pages 53-65, November.
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    1. Louis Chauvel, 1995. "Inégalités singulières et plurielles : les évolutions de la courbe du revenu disponible," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 55(1), pages 211-240.
    2. Jean-Michel Hourriez & Bernard Legris, 1998. "L'approche monétaire de la pauvreté : méthodologie et résultats," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 308(1), pages 35-63.
    3. Jean-Louis Brangeon & Guénhaël Jegouzo & Bernard Roze, 1993. "Pauvreté économique en agriculture au cours des années 1980," Working Papers hal-01929021, HAL.

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