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Productivité du travail : la fin du processus de convergence ?

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  • Clément Bosquet
  • Michel Fouquin

Abstract

[fre] Entre 1950 et 1973, un processus de convergence des niveaux de productivité du travail était observable entre les États-Unis, considérés comme le leader technologique du monde, et les pays d’Europe de l’Ouest et le Japon. Mais ce processus s’est progressivement atténué pour disparaître complètement depuis 1995. Cette étude vise à expliquer les raisons de l’interruption de ce processus de convergence. À cette fin, elle utilise les tests économétriques développés par Bai et Perron pour déterminer les dates de rupture des tendances. Aux États-Unis, la croissance de la productivité du travail accélère à partir de 1992, tandis qu’elle ralentit dans la plupart des pays européens. Le progrès technologique, lié au développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC), explique une partie du regain de la productivité du travail aux États-Unis, mais en revanche, il ne cadre pas avec le ralentissement de la croissance de la productivité du travail en Europe. En effet, même si son taux d’investissement en TIC est en retrait par rapport à celui des États-Unis, il s’est accru considérablement. Une explication essentielle tient à l’intensité du contenu en emplois de la croissance. Alors qu’il diminue nettement aux États-Unis, il s’accroît sensiblement en Europe où il permet de réduire le chômage de masse. Les données les plus récentes, pour l’année 2008, confirment le diagnostic de non-convergence des tendances de productivité du travail. [ger] Zwischen 1950 und 1973 fand zwischen der Arbeitsproduktivität der Vereinigten Staaten, die als weltweit technologisch führend galten, und der westeuropäischen Länder und Japans eine Konvergenz statt. Dieser Prozess hat sich jedoch schrittweise verlangsamt und kam 1995 vollständig zum Erliegen. Diese Studie soll die Gründe für die Unterbrechung dieses Prozesses erklären. Zu diesem Zweck werden die von Bai und Perron entwickelten ökonometrischen Tests herangezogen, um die Zeitpunkte der Unterbrechung dieser Trends zu ermitteln. In den Vereinigten Staaten beschleunigte sich die Steigerung der Arbeitsproduktivität ab 1992, wohingegen sie sich in den meisten europäischen Ländern verlangsamte. Der technologische Fortschritt infolge der Entwicklung der Informations-und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) erklärt zum Teil die Gründe für die Arbeitsproduktivitätsgewinne in den Vereinigten Staaten, steht aber im Widerspruch zu der Verlangsamung der Steigerung der Arbeitsproduktivität in Europa. Auch wenn die Investitionen Europas in die IKT im Vergleich zu den Vereinigten Staaten geringer sind, haben sich doch erheblich zugenommen. Eine wichtige Erklärung ist die Beschäftigungsintensität des Wachstums. Während sie in den Vereinigten Staaten deutlich zurückgeht, nimmt sie in Europa erheblich zu und ermöglicht einen Abbau der Massenarbeitslosigkeit. Die jüngsten Daten für das Jahr 2008 bestätigen die Diagnose, wonach sich die Trends der Arbeitsproduktivität gegenläufig entwickeln. [spa] Entre 1950 y 1973 se observó un proceso de convergencia de los niveles de productividad del trabajo entre Estados Unidos, considerado como el líder tecnológico mundial, y los países de Europa Occidental y Japón. Pero este proceso se atenuó progresivamente hasta desaparecer por completo a partir de 1995. Este estudio pretende explicar las razones de la interrupción de dicho proceso de convergencia. Para ello se utilizan los tests econométricos desarrollados por Bai y Perron para determinar las fechas de ruptura de las tendencias. En Estados Unidos, el crecimiento de la productividad del trabajo se acelera a partir de 1992, mientras que en la mayoría de países europeos se aminora. El progreso tecnológico, relacionado con el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), explica una parte del rebrote de la productividad del trabajo en Estados Unidos, pero, en cambio, no encaja con la desaceleración del crecimiento de la productividad del trabajo en Europa. En efecto, aunque la tasa de inversión en TIC está por detrás de la de Estados Unidos, ha aumentado de un modo considerable. Una explicación fundamental es la intensidad del contenido en empleos del crecimiento. Mientras que disminuye claramente en Estados Unidos, aumenta sensiblemente en Europa, donde permite reducir el desempleo masivo. Los datos más recientes, para el año 2008, confirman el diagnóstico de no convergencia de las tendencias de productividad del trabajo. [eng] Between 1950 and 1973, labour productivity was visibly converging between the United States, seen as the world technological leader, and western Europe and Japan. But the convergence gradually lost momentum and has ceased altogether since 1995. Our study seeks to explain the reasons for the interruption. We use the econometric tests developed by Bai and Perron to determine the trend-break dates. Labour productivity growth quickened in the U. S. from 1992, but slowed in most European countries. Technological progress driven by the expansion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) partly explains the revival of labour productivity in the U. S., but is inconsistent with the slowdown in labour productivity growth in Europe. While Europe’s ICT investment rate was lower than that of the U. S., it did rise significantly. A key explanation lies in the intensity of the job content of growth. The latter has declined sharply in the U. S. but grown substantially in Europe, reducing mass unemployment. The latest data, for 2008, confirm the non-convergence of labour productivity trends.

Suggested Citation

  • Clément Bosquet & Michel Fouquin, 2008. "Productivité du travail : la fin du processus de convergence ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 419(1), pages 125-142.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2008_num_419_1_7730
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2008.7730
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2008.7730
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    2. Bergeaud, A. & Cette, G. & Lecat, R., 2015. "Productivity trends from 1890 to 2012 in advanced countries," Rue de la Banque, Banque de France, issue 07, June..
    3. Antonin Bergeaud & Gilbert Cette & Rémy Lecat, 2016. "Productivity Trends in Advanced Countries between 1890 and 2012," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 62(3), pages 420-444, September.
    4. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/5l6uh8ogmqildh09h61qna0rp is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Denis Carré & Nadine Levratto & Messaoud Zouikri, 2010. "Analyse comparée de la productivité des firmes européennes à partir de données comptables: L'effet pays en cause," EconomiX Working Papers 2010-11, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
    6. Catherine Bruneau & Pierre-Luis Girard, 2021. "Labor Productivity in France: Is the Slowdown of its Growth Inevitable or are there Levers to fight it?," Athens Journal of Business & Economics, Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER), vol. 7(1), pages 9-40, January.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • O30 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - General
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

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