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Exploring Creative Tourism Based on the Cultural and Creative Cities (C3) Index and Using Bootstrap Confidence Intervals

Author

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  • Mercedes Mareque

    (Department of Financial Economics and Accountancy, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain)

  • Elena de Prada Creo

    (Department of English, French and German Philology University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain)

  • Marcos Álvarez-Díaz

    (Department of Fundamental Economics, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain)

Abstract

Creative tourism is a novel segment of the tourism market that may turn into a great opportunity for small cities to attract visitors. Thus, it can be a possible economic and social driver for local development. Despite its potentiality, not much empirical research has been conducted to explore the specific strengths and weaknesses of developing creative tourism in small cities, probably due to the lack of reliable data. Our study aims to fill this gap by using the C3 Index, a composite indicator developed by the Joint Research Center-European Commission, as the data source, and the bootstrap method as a statistical tool to detect significant differences between small and large cities. Our findings reveal that the smallest cities show positive features to foster creative tourism (e.g., they have at least as good cultural infrastructures and cultural participation as the largest cities). However, in some other aspects, small cities still have room to improve (e.g., improvements in local and international connections or further development of the cultural and creative sector).

Suggested Citation

  • Mercedes Mareque & Elena de Prada Creo & Marcos Álvarez-Díaz, 2021. "Exploring Creative Tourism Based on the Cultural and Creative Cities (C3) Index and Using Bootstrap Confidence Intervals," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-17, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:9:p:5145-:d:548750
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Idalina Dias-Sardinha & David Ross & Ana Calapez Gomes, 2018. "The clustering conditions for managing creative tourism destinations: the Alqueva region case, Portugal," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 61(4), pages 635-655, March.
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    6. Ross, David & Saxena, Gunjan & Correia, Fernando & Deutz, Pauline, 2017. "Archaeological tourism: A creative approach," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 37-47.
    7. Ratih HURRIYATI & Dara SOFWAN, 2015. "Analysis Of Co Creation Experience Towards A Creative City As A Tourism Destination And Its Impact On Revisit Intention," Journal of Advanced Research in Management, ASERS Publishing, vol. 6(2), pages 179-190.
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    Cited by:

    1. Vladimir Pavković & Darjan Karabašević & Jelena Jević & Goran Jević, 2021. "The Relationship between Cities’ Cultural Strength, Reputation, and Tourism Intensity: Empirical Evidence on a Sample of the Best-Reputable European Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-20, August.
    2. Valentina Montalto & Pier Luigi Sacco & Michaela Saisana, 2022. "Cultural, Creative, and Sustainable Cities: Assessing Progress and Measurement Perspectives," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-7, April.
    3. Christopher Meyer & Laima Gerlitz & Monika Klein, 2022. "Creativity as a Key Constituent for Smart Specialization Strategies (S3), What Is in It for Peripheral Regions? Co-creating Sustainable and Resilient Tourism with Cultural and Creative Industries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-31, March.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    creative tourism; small cities; C3 Index; bootstrapped confidence intervals;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C3 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

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