Linkage of Electricity with Agricultural Growth and Technology Factors: An Illustration of India’s Case

Understanding the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth is crucial for formulating efficient energy policies for all sectors in general, and for agriculture in particular. To study this, an empirical examination of the long-run co-movement and the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real gross state domestic product (GSDP) from agriculture and its allied sectors is attempted. The agricultural sector involves the use of different input technologies that are further influenced by electricity consumption. To account for this technology-enabling effect of electricity, we further take up an analysis of the relationship between electricity consumption and agricultural technology factors: fertilizer consumption, the share of irrigation, area under cereal, and the extent of mechanization. We use both state (data from 17 states for the period 1993–2017 for the electricity–GSDP relationship) and country-level data (for the period 1980–2018 for the electricity–technology factors relationship) in the analysis. Since short-period time series datasets analysis may yield unreliable and inconsistent results, we employed modern heterogeneous panel co-integration and panel-based error correction model techniques for analyzing the energy–growth linkage. When the heterogeneous states effect is taken into account, the empirical results fully support a positive long-run co-integrated connection between GSDP and electricity consumption. We could detect both long-run and short-run unidirectional causality running from electricity consumption to agricultural growth. Further electricity consumption was also found to augment the use of technology factors in agriculture. This calls for implementing policies and strategies for achieving higher electricity use in agriculture and improved efficiency in its utilization simultaneously.