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End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle

Author

Listed:
  • Yash Kotak

    (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS), Esplanade 10, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Carlos Marchante Fernández

    (Eurecat-Centre Tecnologic de Catalunya, Unit of Waste, Energy and Environmental Impact, Av. Universtat Autonoma, 23, 08290 Cerdanyola Del Valles, Spain)

  • Lluc Canals Casals

    (Department of Engineering Projects and Construction, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C\Jordi Girona 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Bhavya Satishbhai Kotak

    (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS), Esplanade 10, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Daniel Koch

    (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS), Esplanade 10, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Christian Geisbauer

    (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS), Esplanade 10, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Lluís Trilla

    (Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Alberto Gómez-Núñez

    (Eurecat-Centre Tecnologic de Catalunya, Unit of Waste, Energy and Environmental Impact, Av. Universtat Autonoma, 23, 08290 Cerdanyola Del Valles, Spain)

  • Hans-Georg Schweiger

    (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS), Esplanade 10, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

Abstract

It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods.

Suggested Citation

  • Yash Kotak & Carlos Marchante Fernández & Lluc Canals Casals & Bhavya Satishbhai Kotak & Daniel Koch & Christian Geisbauer & Lluís Trilla & Alberto Gómez-Núñez & Hans-Georg Schweiger, 2021. "End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:8:p:2217-:d:537107
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    Cited by:

    1. Claudiu Vasile Kifor & Niculina Alexandra Grigore, 2023. "Circular Economy Approaches for Electrical and Conventional Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-28, April.
    2. Emanuele Michelini & Patrick Höschele & Florian Ratz & Michael Stadlbauer & Werner Rom & Christian Ellersdorfer & Jörg Moser, 2023. "Potential and Most Promising Second-Life Applications for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Technical, Economic and Legal Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    3. Lluc Canals Casals & Marcel Macarulla & Alberto Gómez-Núñez, 2021. "High-Capacity Cells and Batteries for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-2, November.
    4. Sebastian Grzesiak & Adam Sulich, 2022. "Car Engines Comparative Analysis: Sustainable Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-15, July.
    5. Lázaro V. Cremades & Lluc Canals Casals, 2022. "Analysis of the Future of Mobility: The Battery Electric Vehicle Seems Just a Transitory Alternative," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-12, December.
    6. Antônio Rufino Júnior, Carlos & Sanseverino, Eleonora Riva & Gallo, Pierluigi & Koch, Daniel & Schweiger, Hans-Georg & Zanin, Hudson, 2022. "Blockchain review for battery supply chain monitoring and battery trading," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    7. Maria Cecília Costa Lima & Luana Pereira Pontes & Andrea Sarmento Maia Vasconcelos & Washington de Araujo Silva Junior & Kunlin Wu, 2022. "Economic Aspects for Recycling of Used Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-19, March.
    8. Bertha Maya Sopha & Dwi Megah Purnamasari & Sholeh Ma’mun, 2022. "Barriers and Enablers of Circular Economy Implementation for Electric-Vehicle Batteries: From Systematic Literature Review to Conceptual Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-23, May.
    9. Lluís Trilla & Lluc Canals Casals & Jordi Jacas & Pol Paradell, 2022. "Dual Extended Kalman Filter for State of Charge Estimation of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-14, September.
    10. Arne Jeppe & Heike Proff & Max Eickhoff, 2023. "Economic Potentials of Ecologically Attractive Multi-Life Products—The Example of Lithium-Ion Batteries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-16, July.
    11. Jay N. Meegoda & Sarvagna Malladi & Isabel C. Zayas, 2022. "End-of-Life Management of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in the United States," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-13, November.

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