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The Impact of Globalization, Energy Use, and Trade on Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: Does Environmental Sustainability Exist?

Author

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  • Abdul Rehman

    (College of Economics and Management, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China)

  • Magdalena Radulescu

    (Faculty of Economics and Law, University of Pitesti, Bd. Republicii, No.71, 110062 Pitesti, Arges, Romania
    Institute of Doctoral and Postdoctoral Studies, University “Lucian Blaga” of Sibiu, Bd. Victoriei, No.10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania)

  • Hengyun Ma

    (College of Economics and Management, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China)

  • Vishal Dagar

    (Amity School of Economics, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India)

  • Imran Hussain

    (Department of Management Sciences, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif 12081, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Kamran Khan

    (Management Studies Department, Bahria Business School, Bahria University, Islamabad 440000, Pakistan)

Abstract

Globalization has contributed to several advances in technology including linking people around the globe and driving us to modern economies. With fast economic growth and industrialization progress, the negative impact of globalization on biodiversity can be easily ignored. Globalization is an undeniable factor in our planetary devastation from pollution to global warming and climate change. The major intention of our recent analysis was to examine the globalization, energy consumption, trade, economic growth, and fuel importation to determine the ecological footprint in Pakistan by taking the annual data variables from 1974–2017. A linear ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) technique with limited information maximum likelihood and linear Gaussian model estimation were utilized to check the variables association. Outcomes show that in the long run, globalization, energy usage, trade, and GDP growth have consistently productive interactions with the ecological footprint, while an examination of fuel importation uncovers an adversative linkage to impacts on the ecological footprint in Pakistan. Similarly, the findings of short-run interactions also reveal that globalization, energy usage, trade, and GDP growth have constructive linkages; however, an examination of fuel importation also uncovers an adversative linkage to impacts on the ecological footprint. The outcomes of limited information maximum likelihood also expose that the variables of globalization, energy usage, trade, and fuel importation have productive linkages, while an examination the GDP growth uncovers an adversative linkage to the ecological footprint. Furthermore, the outcomes of the linear Gaussian model estimation also uncover that globalization and energy usage demonstrate a constructive linkage, while other variables reveal an adverse linkage to the ecological footprint. Environmental pollution is now an emerging issue which causes the climatic variations associated with greenhouse gases emissions. The Pakistani government must adopt new strategies to ensure that CO 2 emissions are reduced in order to stimulate economic growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdul Rehman & Magdalena Radulescu & Hengyun Ma & Vishal Dagar & Imran Hussain & Muhammad Kamran Khan, 2021. "The Impact of Globalization, Energy Use, and Trade on Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: Does Environmental Sustainability Exist?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:17:p:5234-:d:620894
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