IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v134y2020ics1364032120305955.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The impact of renewables on electricity prices in Germany - An update for the years 2014–2018

Author

Listed:
  • Kolb, Sebastian
  • Dillig, Marius
  • Plankenbühler, Thomas
  • Karl, Jürgen

Abstract

Increasing electricity prices for private consumers manifested the idea of price boosting renewable energy sources in Germany's public opinion. Literature however widely concurs that wind and photovoltaics have a reducing effect on spot market electricity prices. The underlying merit order effect led to historically low exchange prices in the past years. To quantify this effect, this study analyses historic demand and supply curves from the German day-ahead market to reconstruct electricity prices without the feed-in of wind and photovoltaics from 2014 to 2018. Results show that renewable energy sources considerably reduced electricity prices by between 2.89 ct/kWh in 2014 to 8.89 ct/kWh in 2017. This allowed German end-consumers to save a total of 40 billion € from 2014 to 2018. Additionally, wind and PV contributed significantly to security of supply. Demand could not have been met by domestic conventional and nuclear generation capacities in up to 424 hours in 2018. The study highlights the necessity to further speed-up the expansion of wind and photovoltaics.

Suggested Citation

  • Kolb, Sebastian & Dillig, Marius & Plankenbühler, Thomas & Karl, Jürgen, 2020. "The impact of renewables on electricity prices in Germany - An update for the years 2014–2018," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:134:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120305955
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110307
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120305955
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110307?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Stamatios Ntanos & Grigorios Kyriakopoulos & Miltiadis Chalikias & Garyfallos Arabatzis & Michalis Skordoulis, 2018. "Public Perceptions and Willingness to Pay for Renewable Energy: A Case Study from Greece," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, March.
    2. Cyril Martin de Lagarde & Frédéric Lantz, 2018. "How renewable production depresses electricity prices: Evidence from the German market," Post-Print hal-01985024, HAL.
    3. Cludius, Johanna & Hermann, Hauke & Matthes, Felix Chr. & Graichen, Verena, 2014. "The merit order effect of wind and photovoltaic electricity generation in Germany 2008–2016: Estimation and distributional implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 302-313.
    4. Brancucci Martinez-Anido, Carlo & Brinkman, Greg & Hodge, Bri-Mathias, 2016. "The impact of wind power on electricity prices," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 474-487.
    5. Würzburg, Klaas & Labandeira, Xavier & Linares, Pedro, 2013. "Renewable generation and electricity prices: Taking stock and new evidence for Germany and Austria," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(S1), pages 159-171.
    6. Hirth, Lion & Mühlenpfordt, Jonathan & Bulkeley, Marisa, 2018. "The ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – A review of Europe’s most ambitious electricity data platform," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 1054-1067.
    7. Jun Maekawa & Bui Hien Hai & Sarana Shinkuma & Koji Shimada, 2018. "The Effect of Renewable Energy Generation on the Electric Power Spot Price of the Japan Electric Power Exchange," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-16, August.
    8. Haxhimusa, Adhurim, 2018. "The Effects of German Wind and Solar Electricity on French Spot Price Volatility: An Empirical Investigation," Department of Economics Working Paper Series 258, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
    9. Alvaro Cartea & Marcelo Figueroa, 2005. "Pricing in Electricity Markets: A Mean Reverting Jump Diffusion Model with Seasonality," Applied Mathematical Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(4), pages 313-335.
    10. Denny, Eleanor & O'Mahoney, Amy & Lannoye, Eamonn, 2017. "Modelling the impact of wind generation on electricity market prices in Ireland: An econometric versus unit commitment approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 109-119.
    11. Benhmad, François & Percebois, Jacques, 2018. "Photovoltaic and wind power feed-in impact on electricity prices: The case of Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 317-326.
    12. Karel Janda & Michaela Koscova, 2018. "Photovoltaics and the Slovak Electricity Market," Working Papers IES 2018/02, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies, revised Jan 2018.
    13. Weron, Rafał, 2014. "Electricity price forecasting: A review of the state-of-the-art with a look into the future," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 1030-1081.
    14. Figueiredo, Nuno Carvalho & Silva, Patrícia Pereira da, 2019. "The “Merit-order effect” of wind and solar power: Volatility and determinants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 54-62.
    15. Sapio, Alessandro, 2015. "The effects of renewables in space and time: A regime switching model of the Italian power price," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 487-499.
    16. Petra Lunackova & Jan Prusa & Karel Janda, 2017. "The merit order effect of Czech renewable energy," CAMA Working Papers 2017-17, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    17. Ciarreta, Aitor & Espinosa, Maria Paz & Pizarro-Irizar, Cristina, 2017. "Has renewable energy induced competitive behavior in the Spanish electricity market?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 171-182.
    18. Acar, Berkan & Selcuk, Orhun & Dastan, Seyit Ali, 2019. "The merit order effect of wind and river type hydroelectricity generation on Turkish electricity prices," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1298-1319.
    19. Paschen, Marius, 2016. "Dynamic analysis of the German day-ahead electricity spot market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 118-128.
    20. Zipp, Alexander, 2017. "The marketability of variable renewable energy in liberalized electricity markets – An empirical analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1111-1121.
    21. Sapio, Alessandro, 2019. "Greener, more integrated, and less volatile? A quantile regression analysis of Italian wholesale electricity prices," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 452-469.
    22. Adhurim Haxhimusa, 2018. "The Effects of German Wind and Solar Electricity on French Spot Price Volatility: An Empirical Investigation," Department of Economics Working Papers wuwp258, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Department of Economics.
    23. Martin de Lagarde, Cyril & Lantz, Frédéric, 2018. "How renewable production depresses electricity prices: Evidence from the German market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 263-277.
    24. Kaldellis, J.K. & Kapsali, M. & Kaldelli, El. & Katsanou, Ev., 2013. "Comparing recent views of public attitude on wind energy, photovoltaic and small hydro applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 197-208.
    25. Gil, Hugo A. & Gomez-Quiles, Catalina & Riquelme, Jesus, 2012. "Large-scale wind power integration and wholesale electricity trading benefits: Estimation via an ex post approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 849-859.
    26. Clò, Stefano & Cataldi, Alessandra & Zoppoli, Pietro, 2015. "The merit-order effect in the Italian power market: The impact of solar and wind generation on national wholesale electricity prices," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 79-88.
    27. Azofra, D. & Martínez, E. & Jiménez, E. & Blanco, J. & Azofra, F. & Saenz-Díez, J.C., 2015. "Comparison of the influence of photovoltaic and wind power on the Spanish electricity prices by means of artificial intelligence techinques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 532-542.
    28. Sensfuß, Frank & Ragwitz, Mario & Genoese, Massimo, 2008. "The merit-order effect: A detailed analysis of the price effect of renewable electricity generation on spot market prices in Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 3076-3084, August.
    29. Kyritsis, Evangelos & Andersson, Jonas & Serletis, Apostolos, 2017. "Electricity prices, large-scale renewable integration, and policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 550-560.
    30. Rintamäki, Tuomas & Siddiqui, Afzal S. & Salo, Ahti, 2017. "Does renewable energy generation decrease the volatility of electricity prices? An analysis of Denmark and Germany," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 270-282.
    31. Costa-Campi, Maria Teresa & Trujillo-Baute, Elisa, 2015. "Retail price effects of feed-in tariff regulation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 157-165.
    32. Tsai, Chen-Hao & Eryilmaz, Derya, 2018. "Effect of wind generation on ERCOT nodal prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 21-33.
    33. Ederer, Nikolaus, 2015. "The market value and impact of offshore wind on the electricity spot market: Evidence from Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 805-814.
    34. Karel Janda, 2018. "Slovak electricity market and the merit order effect of photovoltaics," CAMA Working Papers 2018-22, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    35. Luňáčková, Petra & Průša, Jan & Janda, Karel, 2017. "The merit order effect of Czech photovoltaic plants," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 138-147.
    36. François Benhmad & Jacques Percebois, 2018. "Photovoltaic and wind power feed-in impact on electricity prices: The case of Germany," Post-Print hal-01830537, HAL.
    37. Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna & Qu, Songze & Ancev, Tihomir, 2019. "The effect of wind and solar power generation on wholesale electricity prices in Australia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 358-369.
    38. Sergei Kulakov & Florian Ziel, 2019. "The Impact of Renewable Energy Forecasts on Intraday Electricity Prices," Papers 1903.09641, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2019.
    39. Janda, Karel & Tuma, Ladislav, 2016. "Market viability of photovoltaic plants: merit order effect approach," MPRA Paper 74884, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    40. Cyril Martin de Lagarde & Frédéric Lantz, 2018. "How renewable production depresses electricity prices: Evidence from the German market," Post-Print hal-01986207, HAL.
    41. Sáenz de Miera, Gonzalo & del Ri­o González, Pablo & Vizcaino, Ignacio, 2008. "Analysing the impact of renewable electricity support schemes on power prices: The case of wind electricity in Spain," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 3345-3359, September.
    42. Albanese, Claudio & Lo, Harry & Tompaidis, Stathis, 2012. "A numerical algorithm for pricing electricity derivatives for jump-diffusion processes based on continuous time lattices," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 222(2), pages 361-368.
    43. repec:dau:papers:123456789/11500 is not listed on IDEAS
    44. Erik Paul Johnson and Matthew E. Oliver, 2019. "Renewable Generation Capacity and Wholesale Electricity Price Variance," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 5).
    45. Vasseur, Véronique & Kemp, René, 2015. "The adoption of PV in the Netherlands: A statistical analysis of adoption factors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 483-494.
    46. Munksgaard, Jesper & Morthorst, Poul Erik, 2008. "Wind power in the Danish liberalised power market--Policy measures, price impact and investor incentives," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 3940-3947, October.
    47. Jónsson, Tryggvi & Pinson, Pierre & Madsen, Henrik, 2010. "On the market impact of wind energy forecasts," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 313-320, March.
    48. Antonelli, Marco & Desideri, Umberto & Franco, Alessandro, 2018. "Effects of large scale penetration of renewables: The Italian case in the years 2008–2015," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 3090-3100.
    49. Matylda Jabłońska & Tuomo Kauranne, 2011. "Multi-Agent Stochastic Simulation for the Electricity Spot Market Price," Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, in: Sjoukje Osinga & Gert Jan Hofstede & Tim Verwaart (ed.), Emergent Results of Artificial Economics, pages 3-14, Springer.
    50. Craig, Michael T. & Jaramillo, Paulina & Hodge, Bri-Mathias & Williams, Nathaniel J. & Severnini, Edson, 2018. "A retrospective analysis of the market price response to distributed photovoltaic generation in California," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 394-403.
    51. Gürtler, Marc & Paulsen, Thomas, 2018. "The effect of wind and solar power forecasts on day-ahead and intraday electricity prices in Germany," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 150-162.
    52. Bianco, Vincenzo & Driha, Oana M. & Sevilla-Jiménez, Martín, 2019. "Effects of renewables deployment in the Spanish electricity generation sector," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 72-81.
    53. Kanamura, Takashi & Ohashi, Kazuhiko, 2007. "A structural model for electricity prices with spikes: Measurement of spike risk and optimal policies for hydropower plant operation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 1010-1032, September.
    54. Woo, C.K. & Moore, J. & Schneiderman, B. & Ho, T. & Olson, A. & Alagappan, L. & Chawla, K. & Toyama, N. & Zarnikau, J., 2016. "Merit-order effects of renewable energy and price divergence in California’s day-ahead and real-time electricity markets," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 299-312.
    55. Janda, Karel, 2018. "Slovak electricity market and the price merit order effect of photovoltaics," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 551-562.
    56. Weigt, Hannes, 2009. "Germany's wind energy: The potential for fossil capacity replacement and cost saving," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(10), pages 1857-1863, October.
    57. Dillig, Marius & Jung, Manuel & Karl, Jürgen, 2016. "The impact of renewables on electricity prices in Germany – An estimation based on historic spot prices in the years 2011–2013," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 7-15.
    58. Roddis, Philippa & Carver, Stephen & Dallimer, Martin & Norman, Paul & Ziv, Guy, 2018. "The role of community acceptance in planning outcomes for onshore wind and solar farms: An energy justice analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 353-364.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kolb, Sebastian & Plankenbühler, Thomas & Frank, Jonas & Dettelbacher, Johannes & Ludwig, Ralf & Karl, Jürgen & Dillig, Marius, 2021. "Scenarios for the integration of renewable gases into the German natural gas market – A simulation-based optimisation approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    2. Kolb, Sebastian & Plankenbühler, Thomas & Hofmann, Katharina & Bergerson, Joule & Karl, Jürgen, 2021. "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of renewable gas technologies: A comparative review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    3. Fusco, Elisa & Maggi, Bernardo & Rizzuto, Livia, 2022. "Alternative indicators for the evaluation of renewables in Europe: An efficiency approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 48-65.
    4. Oliva H., Sebastian & Muñoz, Juan & Fredes, Felipe & Sauma, Enzo, 2022. "Impact of increasing transmission capacity for a massive integration of renewable energy on the energy and environmental value of distributed generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 524-534.
    5. Macedo, Daniela Pereira & Marques, António Cardoso & Damette, Olivier, 2021. "The Merit-Order Effect on the Swedish bidding zone with the highest electricity flow in the Elspot market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    6. Kılıç Depren, Serpil & Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik & Ertuğrul, Hasan Murat & Depren, Özer, 2022. "The role of data frequency and method selection in electricity price estimation: Comparative evidence from Turkey in pre-pandemic and pandemic periods," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 217-225.
    7. Shao, Jing & Chen, Huanhuan & Li, Jinke & Liu, Guy, 2022. "An evaluation of the consumer-funded renewable obligation scheme in the UK for wind power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    8. Liu, Tingting & Chen, Zhe & Xu, Jiuping, 2022. "Empirical evidence based effectiveness assessment of policy regimes for wind power development in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    9. Macedo, Daniela Pereira & Marques, António Cardoso & Damette, Olivier, 2022. "The role of electricity flows and renewable electricity production in the behaviour of electricity prices in Spain," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 885-900.
    10. Morgenthaler, Simon & Dünzen, Justus & Stadler, Ingo & Witthaut, Dirk, 2021. "Three stages in the co-transformation of the energy and mobility sectors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Macedo, Daniela Pereira & Marques, António Cardoso & Damette, Olivier, 2021. "The Merit-Order Effect on the Swedish bidding zone with the highest electricity flow in the Elspot market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    2. Macedo, Daniela Pereira & Marques, António Cardoso & Damette, Olivier, 2022. "The role of electricity flows and renewable electricity production in the behaviour of electricity prices in Spain," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 885-900.
    3. Macedo, Daniela Pereira & Marques, António Cardoso & Damette, Olivier, 2020. "The impact of the integration of renewable energy sources in the electricity price formation: is the Merit-Order Effect occurring in Portugal?," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    4. Nibedita, Barsha & Irfan, Mohd, 2022. "Analyzing the asymmetric impacts of renewables on wholesale electricity price: Empirical evidence from the Indian electricity market," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 538-551.
    5. Bell, William Paul & Wild, Phillip & Foster, John & Hewson, Michael, 2017. "Revitalising the wind power induced merit order effect to reduce wholesale and retail electricity prices in Australia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 224-241.
    6. Wilkinson, Sam & Maticka, Martin J. & Liu, Yue & John, Michele, 2021. "The duck curve in a drying pond: The impact of rooftop PV on the Western Australian electricity market transition," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    7. Figueiredo, Nuno Carvalho & Silva, Patrícia Pereira da, 2019. "The “Merit-order effect” of wind and solar power: Volatility and determinants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 54-62.
    8. Samarth Kumar & David Schönheit & Matthew Schmidt & Dominik Möst, 2019. "Parsing the Effects of Wind and Solar Generation on the German Electricity Trade Surplus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-17, September.
    9. Maniatis, Georgios I. & Milonas, Nikolaos T., 2022. "The impact of wind and solar power generation on the level and volatility of wholesale electricity prices in Greece," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    10. Gürtler, Marc & Paulsen, Thomas, 2018. "The effect of wind and solar power forecasts on day-ahead and intraday electricity prices in Germany," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 150-162.
    11. Pradhan, Ashis Kumar & Rout, Sandhyarani & Khan, Imran Ahmed, 2021. "Does market concentration affect wholesale electricity prices? An analysis of the Indian electricity sector in the COVID-19 pandemic context," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    12. Tselika, Kyriaki, 2022. "The impact of variable renewables on the distribution of hourly electricity prices and their variability: A panel approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    13. Panos, Evangelos & Densing, Martin, 2019. "The future developments of the electricity prices in view of the implementation of the Paris Agreements: Will the current trends prevail, or a reversal is ahead?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    14. Abban, Abdul Rashid & Hasan, Mohammad Z., 2021. "Solar energy penetration and volatility transmission to electricity markets—An Australian perspective," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 434-449.
    15. Shao, Jing & Chen, Huanhuan & Li, Jinke & Liu, Guy, 2022. "An evaluation of the consumer-funded renewable obligation scheme in the UK for wind power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    16. Sirin, Selahattin Murat & Yilmaz, Berna N., 2021. "The impact of variable renewable energy technologies on electricity markets: An analysis of the Turkish balancing market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    17. Huisman, Ronald & Stet, Cristian, 2022. "The dependence of quantile power prices on supply from renewables," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    18. Csermely, Ágnes, 2022. "A naperőművek nagykereskedelmi piaci árakra és a hagyományos technológiákra gyakorolt hatása Magyarországon [The merit order effect of photovoltaic electricity generation in Hungary]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(5), pages 547-571.
    19. Javier L'opez Prol & Wolf-Peter Schill, 2020. "The Economics of Variable Renewables and Electricity Storage," Papers 2012.15371, arXiv.org.
    20. Thomaßen, Georg & Redl, Christian & Bruckner, Thomas, 2022. "Will the energy-only market collapse? On market dynamics in low-carbon electricity systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:134:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120305955. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.