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Sustainable integration of intermittent renewable energy and electrified light-duty transportation through repurposing batteries of plug-in electric vehicles

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  • Shokrzadeh, Shahab
  • Bibeau, Eric

Abstract

This study presents a framework for the integration of electrified light-duty vehicles and intermittent renewable energy towards a sustainable transportation system. Batteries of plug-in electric vehicles, obtained at their automotive end of life, are repurposed as stationary storage systems to integrate with intermittent wind power. The objective is to investigate how electric mobility can effectively meet the challenges of sustainability when the ultimate goal is to displace fossil fuels with new generation of low-cost intermittent renewable energy. The developed model of the framework considers future market penetration scenarios of electric vehicles, calculates availability of batteries at their automotive end of life, and estimates the storage capacity required to generate base-load wind power in the region of study. A new cost model is proposed to calculate the cost of delivering base-load power from renewables when they rely on intermittent sources. To evaluate the performance of the proposed framework, the renewable energy ratio is used as a measure of sustainability. A sample case study is performed for Canada, and the results suggest a self-sufficiency of the integrated system to address concerns of the impact of vehicular charging energy with renewable energy.

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  • Shokrzadeh, Shahab & Bibeau, Eric, 2016. "Sustainable integration of intermittent renewable energy and electrified light-duty transportation through repurposing batteries of plug-in electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 701-711.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:106:y:2016:i:c:p:701-711
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.03.016
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    6. Matthew, George Jr. & Nuttall, William J & Mestel, Ben & Dooley, Laurence S, 2017. "A dynamic simulation of low-carbon policy influences on endogenous electricity demand in an isolated island system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 121-131.
    7. Gabriel Ayobami Ogunkunbi & Havraz Khedhir Younis Al-Zibaree & Ferenc Meszaros, 2022. "Modeling and Evaluation of Market Incentives for Battery Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-11, April.
    8. Winfield, Mark & Shokrzadeh, Shahab & Jones, Adam, 2018. "Energy policy regime change and advanced energy storage: A comparative analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 572-583.
    9. Isabel C. Gil-García & Mª Socorro García-Cascales & Habib Dagher & Angel Molina-García, 2021. "Electric Vehicle and Renewable Energy Sources: Motor Fusion in the Energy Transition from a Multi-Indicator Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-19, March.
    10. Faessler, B. & Kepplinger, P. & Petrasch, J., 2017. "Decentralized price-driven grid balancing via repurposed electric vehicle batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 446-455.
    11. Ramos Muñoz, Edgar & Razeghi, Ghazal & Zhang, Li & Jabbari, Faryar, 2016. "Electric vehicle charging algorithms for coordination of the grid and distribution transformer levels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 930-942.
    12. Jia, Yikai & Yin, Sha & Liu, Binghe & Zhao, Hui & Yu, Huili & Li, Jie & Xu, Jun, 2019. "Unlocking the coupling mechanical-electrochemical behavior of lithium-ion battery upon dynamic mechanical loading," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 951-960.

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