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The existence of fence-sitters relaxes the spatial prisoner’s dilemma and enhances network reciprocity

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  • Miyaji, Kohei
  • Tanimoto, Jun

Abstract

We introduce a new spatial prisoner’s dilemma (SPD) model in which the so-called network reciprocity is enhanced more than in the conventional model. In addition to the usual binary strategies—perfect cooperator and perfect defector—we introduce “fence-sitters”, who either cooperate or defect with equal probability, as a third strategy. In regions with larger Stag-Hunt-type dilemmas but smaller Chicken-type dilemmas, the existence of the fence-sitters works as a buffer, hampering the exploitation of cooperators by neighboring defectors and significantly enhancing the cooperative phase. Conversely, in regions with larger Chicken-type dilemmas but smaller Stag-Hunt-type dilemmas, the existence of the fence-sitters expands the critical dilemma strength for the survival of cooperation, but it reduces the cooperating fraction more than in the conventional model. What we have found may justify the conclusion that the existence of people with neutral opinions—often regarded betwixt and between—absorbs the severe competition between two extreme groups, bringing a more accommodationist situation to our society, backed with greater cooperation.

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  • Miyaji, Kohei & Tanimoto, Jun, 2021. "The existence of fence-sitters relaxes the spatial prisoner’s dilemma and enhances network reciprocity," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 390(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:apmaco:v:390:y:2021:i:c:s0096300320305786
    DOI: 10.1016/j.amc.2020.125624
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jorgen W. Weibull, 1997. "Evolutionary Game Theory," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262731215, December.
    2. repec:hhs:iuiwop:487 is not listed on IDEAS
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    Cited by:

    1. Meng, Xueyu & Lin, Jianhong & Fan, Yufei & Gao, Fujuan & Fenoaltea, Enrico Maria & Cai, Zhiqiang & Si, Shubin, 2023. "Coupled disease-vaccination behavior dynamic analysis and its application in COVID-19 pandemic," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    2. Liao, Hui-Min & Hao, Qing-Yi & Qian, Jia-Li & Wu, Chao-Yun & Guo, Ning & Ling, Xiang, 2023. "Cooperative evolution under the joint influence of local popularity and global popularity," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 439(C).
    3. Zhang, Liming & Li, Haihong & Dai, Qionglin & Yang, Junzhong, 2022. "Adaptive persistence based on environment comparison enhances cooperation in evolutionary games," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 421(C).
    4. Locodi, A.M. & O’Riordan, C., 2023. "The effects of varying game payoffs and lattice dimensionality on Prisoner’s Dilemma games," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).

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