IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/top/old/2009/top.usa-va.html
 

Top 25% Institutions and Economists in Virginia (United States), as of September 2020

What this page is about

This page is part of a larger set of rankings for research items, serials, authors and institutions made available on this site. A FAQ is available.

  • Only authors registered with the RePEc Author Service are considered.
  • Only works listed on RePEc and claimed as theirs by registered authors are counted.
  • A series of rankings by different criteria are aggregated. The average rank score is determined by taking a harmonic mean of the ranks in each criterion. For a list of criteria, see the general ranking page.
  • Authors with multiple affiliations have their score distributed across regions according to the affiliation shares they provided. The ranking is performed using the set of authors or institutions within the region, recomputing the scores within the set. The ranking done by simply looking up the worldwide ranking for those authors or institutions from this region is provided in the W.Rank column and put in [square brackets].
  • There are 60355 registered authors evaluated for all the rankings.
  • Authors with multiple affiliations are attributed to each institution according to the weights they have set to each in their profile, or by default according to a formula described here.
  • Authors affiliated with subentities of institutions listed in EDIRC are also counted in the latter.
  • Only institutions listed in EDIRC are counted.
  • Subentities of ranked institutions do not increment the rank count and have their rank listed in parentheses.
  • Authors with multiple affiliations have their score distributed across regions according to the affiliation shares they provided. The ranking is performed using the set of authors or institutions within the region, recomputing the scores within the set. The ranking done by simply looking up the worldwide ranking for those authors or institutions from this region is provided in the W.Rank column and put in [square brackets].
  • Please note that rankings can depend on the number of registered authors in the respective institutions. Register at the RePEc Author Service to be counted.
  • There are 8198 institutions with 60355 registered authors evaluated for all the rankings.

Similar rankings

EntityFull rankingLast 10 years10 best authorsLast 10 years, 10 best authorsTop 5% authorsMore
AuthorsShort Details Short Details More
InstitutionsShort Details Short Details Short Details Short Details All yearsLast 10 More
RegionsShort Details Short Details More

Same ranking by authors, institutions, countries and regions, and more rankings for , including the individual criteria used here.

The rankings

Top 25% institutions in Virginia (United States), all authors, all publication years

For Virginia (United States), there are 323 authors affiliated with 47 institutions. All institutions in this region.

Rankings for the United States and links to state rankings are available here.
RankW.RankInstitutionScoreAuthorsAuthor shares
1[1]Department of Economics, University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)

1.153833.43
2[2]Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

2.552624.37
3[3]Economics Department, George Mason University

Fairfax, Virginia (USA)

2.743828.74
---[---]Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

4.41716.03
4[4]Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)

5.472217.48
5[5]Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University

Arlington, Virginia (USA)

5.791614.52
6[6]Department of Economics, College of William and Mary

Williamsburg, Virginia (USA)

8.192624.35
6[7]Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)

Blacksburg, Virginia (USA)

8.192928.15
8[9]School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

8.941917.88
9[8]Darden School of Business, University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)

9.487.01
---[---]Department of Economics, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

9.881716.8
10[10]Economics Department, University of Richmond

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

12.011615.57
---[---]Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University

Fairfax, Virginia (USA)

12.7574.41
11[11]Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)

Blacksburg, Virginia (USA)

13.54139.85

The rankings

Top 25% institutions in Virginia (United States), 10 best authors for each, publications last 10 years

RankW.RankInstitutionScoreAuthorsAuthor shares
1[1]Department of Economics, University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)

1.353810
2[3]Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

2.812610
3[2]Economics Department, George Mason University

Fairfax, Virginia (USA)

3.143810
4[4]Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)

4.922210
---[---]Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

5.081710
5[5]Department of Economics, College of William and Mary

Williamsburg, Virginia (USA)

7.012610
6[6]Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University

Arlington, Virginia (USA)

7.391610
7[7]Darden School of Business, University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)

8.6287.01
8[8]Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)

Blacksburg, Virginia (USA)

10.82910
9[9]Economics Department, University of Richmond

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

10.871610
10[10]School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

11.251910
---[---]Department of Economics, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University

Richmond, Virginia (USA)

12.11710
---[---]Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University

Fairfax, Virginia (USA)

14.5774.41
11[11]Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)

Blacksburg, Virginia (USA)

16.49138.15

The rankings

Top 25% authors in Virginia (United States), all publications years

For Virginia (United States), there are 323 authors affiliated with 47 institutions. All institutions in this region.

Rankings for the United States and links to state rankings are available here.
RankW.RankAuthorScore
1[4]Eric Leeper

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

2.47
2[3]Christopher Ruhm

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

2.53
3[6]Charles A. Holt

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

2.86
4[7]Simon Anderson

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

5.57
5[2]Eric van Wincoop

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

9.13
6[1]Richard J. Cebula

Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

9.82
7[8]Francis Warnock

Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

10.08
8[5]Zoltan J. Acs

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

12
9[9]Kevin McCabe

Center for the Study of Neuroeconomics, George Mason University, Fairfax
Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science (ICES), Economics Department, George Mason University, Arlington

12.86
10[10]Thomas Lubik

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

13.64
11[11]Daniel Houser

Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science (ICES), Economics Department, George Mason University, Arlington

13.65
12[12]James Harrigan

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

14.54
13[13]Anton Korinek

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

15.29
14[19]William R. Johnson

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

16.49
15[18]Andreas Hornstein

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

17.84
16[20]Alexander L. Wolman

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

18.81
17[21]Pierre Daniel Sarte

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

19.23
18[22]Maurice David Kugler

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

19.59
19[23]Eric R. Young

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

19.72
20[25]Peter T. Leeson

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

20.17
21[14]Dean Croushore

Economics Department, University of Richmond, Richmond

20.62
22[16]Kenneth John Button

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

20.73
23[24]John Bailey Jones

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

21.19
24[27]Peter J. Boettke

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

21.38
25[26]Dennis Tao Yang

Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

22.79
26[28]Alfredo Marvao Pereira

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

22.91
27[29]Zhi Wang

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

25.12
28[17]Thomas Stratmann

Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science (ICES), Economics Department, George Mason University, Arlington
Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

25.82
29[33]Cesar Martinelli

Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science (ICES), Economics Department, George Mason University, Arlington

26.74
30[32]Huberto M. Ennis

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

27.41
31[30]John Sutherland Earle

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

27.99
32[34]Nuno Garoupa

Law and Economics Center, George Mason University, Arlington

28.42
33[35]Douglas D. Davis

Department of Economics, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond

34.53
34[36]Kevin J. Boyle

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

36.07
35[37]Jeffrey Lacker

Department of Economics, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond

36.75
36[43]Barkley Rosser Jr.

Economics Department, College of Business, James Madison University, Harrisonburg

37.84
37[40]Kartik Athreya

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

38.68
38[41]Matthew T. Holt

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

39.92
39[45]Daniel Patrick Murphy

Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

40.05
40[42]John V. Pepper

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

40.09
41[44]Lisa R. Anderson

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

40.66
42[38]Amalia Rebecca Miller

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

41.5
43[15]John Edward McLaren

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

42.94
44[46]Jay P. Shimshack

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

45.46
45[47]Leora Friedberg

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

46.43
46[50]Donald F. Larson

Global Research Institute, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

48.92
47[48]Jennifer M. Mellor

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

48.99
48[51]Peter A. Savelyev

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

49.54
49[49]Federico Ciliberto

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

50.24
50[52]Isaac M. Mbiti

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

51.99
51[56]Mark Koyama

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

52.01
52[53]Alexander Tabarrok

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

52.18
53[54]Juan Carlos Hatchondo

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

52.5
54[55]John Weinberg

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

54.46
55[61]Maxim Peter Engers

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

56.05
56[59]David Orden

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

56.57
57[65]Lawrence H. White

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

57.62
58[31]Sarah Elizabeth Turner

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

57.63
59[64]Sita Nataraj Slavov

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

58.49
60[66]Christopher J. Coyne

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

58.53
61[62]Noel D. Johnson

Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

58.59
62[58]Richard Ashley

Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

59.96
63[63]David E. Mills

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

60.96
64[78]Thomas Zylkin

Economics Department, University of Richmond, Richmond

60.99
65[67]Ana Fostel

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

61.83
66[68]John Doukas

Department of Economics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk

62.94
67[69]Edgar O. Olsen

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

63.16
68[72]Bradford Franklin Mills

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

64.42
69[70]Christian Matthes

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

64.74
70[74]David M. Levy

Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

67.58
71[57]Sudipta Sarangi

Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

68.08
72[82]Richard E. Wagner

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

70.29
73[83]Jeffrey Alwang

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

70.98
74[71]Michael F. Gallmeyer

McIntire School of Commerce, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

71.41
75[76]John Vc Nye

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

72.24
76[75]Sandip Sukhtankar

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

72.66
77[84]Gerald A. Hanweck Sr.

School of Business, George Mason University, Virginia (USA)

74.36
78[79]Denis Nekipelov

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

74.52
79[81]Grey Gordon

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

74.8
80[77]Aris Spanos

Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

74.99

The rankings

Top 25% authors in Virginia (United States), publications last 10 years

RankW.RankAuthorScore
1[1]Anton Korinek

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

2.3
2[2]Francis Warnock

Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

4.3
3[5]Eric Leeper

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

5
4[4]Christopher Ruhm

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

5.35
5[8]Eric R. Young

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

5.5
6[9]Zhi Wang

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

6.69
7[7]Amalia Rebecca Miller

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

7.92
8[10]Daniel Houser

Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science (ICES), Economics Department, George Mason University, Arlington

8.34
9[6]Richard J. Cebula

Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

9.73
10[16]Thomas Zylkin

Economics Department, University of Richmond, Richmond

13.69
11[11]Noel D. Johnson

Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

14.01
12[18]Isaac M. Mbiti

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

14.34
13[14]Mark Koyama

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

14.44
14[12]Christian Matthes

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

14.98
15[13]Peter A. Savelyev

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

15.15
16[15]Lee M. Lockwood

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

16.64
17[25]Peter J. Boettke

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

17.34
18[3]Zoltan J. Acs

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

18.13
19[17]Grey Gordon

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

18.18
20[19]Sandip Sukhtankar

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

18.25
21[20]Jay P. Shimshack

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

20.41
22[30]Alfredo Marvao Pereira

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

22.39
23[22]Nicholas Trachter

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

22.99
24[24]Sita Nataraj Slavov

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

23.5
25[29]Cesar Martinelli

Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science (ICES), Economics Department, George Mason University, Arlington

23.62
26[27]Simon Anderson

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

24.4
27[28]John Bailey Jones

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

25.8
28[33]Peter T. Leeson

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

25.87
29[32]Molly Lipscomb

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

28.88
30[34]Dennis Tao Yang

Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

30.06
31[31]Nathaniel Alan Throckmorton

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

30.11
32[35]Juan Carlos Hatchondo

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

31.76
33[39]Denis Nekipelov

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

32.49
34[37]Kartik Athreya

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

33.46
35[38]Ben Castleman

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

33.61
36[40]Pierre Daniel Sarte

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

34.59
37[46]Kevin J. Boyle

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

35.63
38[43]Thomas Lubik

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

37.31
39[44]Suqin Ge

39.92
40[42]William Skimmyhorn

Raymond A. Mason School of Business, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

40.41
41[54]Christopher J. Coyne

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

41.38
42[47]John V. Pepper

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

41.98
43[49]Jae Won Lee

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

42.49
44[36]Sudipta Sarangi

Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

42.96
45[48]Huberto M. Ennis

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

43.55
46[61]Rui Manuel Pereira

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

44.82
47[56]Bradford Franklin Mills

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

45.94
48[67]Kenneth John Button

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

47.59
49[58]Maurice David Kugler

Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington

47.81
50[52]Daniel Patrick Murphy

Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

48.75
51[50]John M. Parman

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

48.79
52[86]Haiwen Zhou

Department of Economics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk

49.86
53[72]Nuno Garoupa

Law and Economics Center, George Mason University, Arlington

50.1
54[51]Christopher Michael Herrington

Department of Economics, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond

50.6
55[55]Chadwick C. Curtis

Economics Department, University of Richmond, Richmond

51.74
56[45]Thomas Stratmann

Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science (ICES), Economics Department, George Mason University, Arlington
Center for the Study of Public Choice (CSPC), Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

51.93
57[65]Peter Grajzl

Department of Economics, Washington and Lee University, Lexington

52.16
58[62]Peter McHenry

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

53.03
59[77]William R. Johnson

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

53.41
60[63]Charles A. Holt

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

53.59
61[57]Toan Phan

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

54.14
62[59]Sheetal Sekhri

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

54.38
63[53]Felipe Schwartzman

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

55.04
64[69]David Holding Eil

Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science (ICES), Economics Department, George Mason University, Arlington

55.5
65[64]Marios Karabarbounis

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

55.6
66[21]John Edward McLaren

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

57.82
67[71]A. Kerem Cosar

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

61.11
68[60]Michael F. Gallmeyer

McIntire School of Commerce, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

61.2
69[70]Klaus Moeltner

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

62.24
70[26]Sarah Elizabeth Turner

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

62.33
71[73]Tsz-Nga Wong

Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

63.62
72[68]John Vc Nye

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington

64.13
73[23]Eric van Wincoop

Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

64.17
74[66]Dean Croushore

Economics Department, University of Richmond, Richmond

64.25
75[76]Douglas D. Davis

Department of Economics, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond

65.36
76[78]Carlos Ramirez

Economics Department, George Mason University, Fairfax

66.2
77[85]Ariel BenYishay

Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg

66.85
78[90]Jeffrey Alwang

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg

67.55
79[80]Oleg Korenok

Department of Economics, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond

68.19
80[82]Andreas Hornstein

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

69.06

The data presented here is experimental. It is based on a limited sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

We do our best, but we cannot exclude errors.
IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.