Municipal waste management in the post-pandemic period: Deficiencies and risks revealed by public external audit—A focus on Constanța county (Romania)

Background and aim: The article investigates the systemic deficiencies and risks in Romania’s municipal waste management system during the post-pandemic period, focusing on the role of external public audit missions conducted by the Romanian Court of Accounts. The main objective is to assess the risk of infringement procedures against Romania due to persistent non-compliance with EU environmental directives. Scope and limitations: The research concentrates on the period 2015–2021, with particular emphasis on the case of Constanța County, and is limited to the analysis of official audit reports and regulatory frameworks. Methods: The study employs a qualitative methodology based on document analysis, comparative evaluation of legal frameworks, and synthesis of audit findings, with emphasis on compliance, infrastructure, and institutional performance. Results: Findings highlight significant shortcomings: delayed closure of non-compliant landfills, insufficient implementation of selective collection and recycling, lack of a functional electronic traceability system, and weak monitoring by central and local authorities. Constanța County illustrates critical infrastructural and contractual deficiencies that compromise EU compliance targets. Conclusions: Romania remains at high risk of EU sanctions due to poor waste management performance, limited strategic coordination, and underuse of European funding. Originality: The article provides an integrated perspective by linking external audit findings to broader systemic vulnerabilities in the post-pandemic context. Practical implications: The study offers actionable recommendations for improving compliance, strengthening administrative capacity, and ensuring alignment with EU circular economy goals, thus supporting policymakers and practitioners in sustainable waste governance.