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Comparing Happiness across the World: Does Culture Matter?

Author

Listed:
  • Carrie Exton

    (OECD)

  • Conal Smith

    (OECD)

  • Damien Vandendriessche

    (Paris School of Economics)

Abstract

The issue of cultural bias in subjective well-being data is often raised, but rarely well-documented. This paper reviews the main barriers to interpreting national differences in subjective well-being, noting the challenge of distinguishing between cultural bias (understood as measurement error) and cultural impact (where culture plays a more substantive role in shaping how people experience their lives). Several methods are then used to attempt to quantify the role of culture in subjective well-being, drawing on multiple waves of the Gallup World Poll, conducted in over 150 countries and territories. Regression analysis is used to identify country-specific fixed effects, which capture unexplained variance in subjective well-being at the country level, over and above a basic set of socio-economic and demographic controls. These country fixed effects then become the subject of three further investigations. The first examines whether survey measures of “cultural values” are able to explain the size and direction of country fixed effects; the second considers the evidence for international differences in “appraisal styles” (e.g. a more positive or negative outlook on life in general); and the third explores the “cultural transmission” of subjective well-being, focusing on the experiences of migrants to separate the effects of culture from those of broader life circumstances. The paper shows that, although life circumstances explain well the overall pattern of cross-country variation in subjective well-being, a gap is observed for some countries. Culture may account for some 20% of the country-specific unexplained variance. This combined effect of “cultural impact” and “cultural bias” is small when compared to the role of objective life circumstances in explaining subjective well-being outcomes. Si la question des biais culturels dans les données du bien-être subjectif se pose souvent, elle a rarement été documentée de manière satisfaisante. Le présent document passe en revue les principaux obstacles à l’interprétation des différences nationales observées en termes de bien-être subjectif, tout en soulignant le défi d’établir une distinctionentre le concept de biais culturel d’une part (entendu comme une erreur de mesure) et celui d’impact culturel d’autre part (lié à l’idée que la culture contribue plus fondamentalement à façonner la manière dont les individus perçoivent leur vie). Plusieurs méthodes sont ensuite utilisées pour quantifier le rôle de la culture dans le bien-être subjectif, s’appuyant sur les nombreuses enquêtes Gallup World Poll menées dans plus de 150 pays et territoires. Une analyse de régression permet de repérer les effets fixes propres à un pays, ce qui permet de faire ressortir les variances inexpliquées (à la hausse ou la baisse) du bien-être subjectif national par rapport à un ensemble élémentaire de variables de contrôle socio-économiques et démographiques. Ces effets fixes propres à un pays font ensuite l’objet de trois analyses plus approfondies. La première permet de vérifier si les mesures des « valeurs culturelles » ressortant du sondage sont susceptibles d’expliquer l’ampleur et l’orientation de ces effets fixes ; la seconde permet de rechercher des preuves de l’existence de différences nationales dans les « critères d’appréciation » (une perception plus positive ou négative de la vie en général, par exemple) ; la troisième permet d’étudier la « transmission culturelle » du bien-être subjectif, en mettant l’accent sur les expériences des immigrés afin de distinguer les effets de la culture des éléments propres à un contexte national. Il ressort de cette étude que, bien que les circonstances de la vie expliquent de manière convaincante le profil des variations du bien-être subjectif d’un pays à l’autre, on observe un écart très net dans certains pays. La variable culturelle pourrait alors représenter 20 % de la variance nationale inexpliquée. Le rôle de l’effet combiné de « l’impact culturel » et du « biais culturel » est toutefois modeste par rapport à celui des circonstances objectives de la vie lorsqu’il s’agit d’expliquer les résultats des enquêtes sur le bien-être subjectif.

Suggested Citation

  • Carrie Exton & Conal Smith & Damien Vandendriessche, 2015. "Comparing Happiness across the World: Does Culture Matter?," OECD Statistics Working Papers 2015/4, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/4-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppzd9bs2-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Bénédicte Apouey & Jacques Silber & Yongsheng Xu, 2020. "On Inequality‐Sensitive and Additive Achievement Measures Based on Ordinal Data," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 66(2), pages 267-286, June.
    2. Jose Manuel Cordero & Cristina Polo & Javier Salinas-Jiménez, 2021. "Subjective Well-Being and Heterogeneous Contexts: A Cross-National Study Using Semi-Nonparametric Frontier Methods," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 867-886, February.
    3. Nikolova Milena & Popova Olga, 2021. "Sometimes Your Best Just Ain’t Good Enough: The Worldwide Evidence on Subjective Well-being Efficiency," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 21(1), pages 83-114, January.
    4. Artjoms Ivlevs & Milena Nikolova & Carol Graham, 2019. "Emigration, remittances, and the subjective well-being of those staying behind," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 32(1), pages 113-151, January.
    5. Barrington-Leigh, C.P., 2024. "The econometrics of happiness: Are we underestimating the returns to education and income?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    6. Christopher Barrington-Leigh & Jan T. Wollenberg, 2019. "Informing Policy Priorities using Inference from Life Satisfaction Responses in a Large Community Survey," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 14(4), pages 911-924, September.
    7. Sudhanshu Handa & Audrey Pereira & Göran Holmqvist, 2023. "The Rapid Decline of Happiness: Exploring Life Satisfaction among Young People across the World," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(3), pages 1549-1579, June.
    8. Mona Ahmadiani & Susana Ferreira & Jacqueline Kessler, 2022. "What Makes People Happy? Evidence from International Data," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 2083-2111, June.
    9. Otrachshenko, Vladimir & Nikolova, Milena & Popova, Olga, 2021. "Double-Edged Sword: Persistent Effects of Communism on Life Satisfaction," IZA Discussion Papers 14712, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. Sun Youn Lee & Fumio Ohtake, 2021. "How Conscious Are You of Others? Further Evidence on Relative Income and Happiness," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 22(8), pages 3321-3356, December.
    11. Nikolova, Milena & Popova, Olga, 2017. "Sometimes Your Best Just Ain't Good Enough: The Worldwide Evidence on Well-Being Efficiency," IZA Discussion Papers 10774, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    12. Badunenko, Oleg & Cordero, Jose M. & Kumbhakar, Subal C., 2021. "Are you slacking? Where do you and your country stand in the happiness pursuit?," MPRA Paper 108316, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Nikolova, Milena, 2016. "Happiness and Development," IZA Discussion Papers 10088, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    14. Christopher Barrington-Leigh, 2016. "Sustainability and Well-Being: A Happy Synergy," Development, Palgrave Macmillan;Society for International Deveopment, vol. 59(3), pages 292-298, December.
    15. Carol Graham, 2005. "The Economics of Happiness," World Economics, World Economics, 1 Ivory Square, Plantation Wharf, London, United Kingdom, SW11 3UE, vol. 6(3), pages 41-55, July.

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