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Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Slovakia

Author

Listed:
  • Zoltán Kaló

    (Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest)

  • Elizabeth Docteur

    (OECD)

  • Pierre Moïse

    (OECD)

Abstract

This paper examines aspects of the policy environment and market characteristics of Slovakia's pharmaceutical sector, and assesses the degree to which Slovakia has achieved certain policy goals. Pharmaceutical expenditure in Slovakia accounts for a higher share of total health expenditure than it does in any other OECD country, and the share of national income going to pharmaceuticals is exceeded only in Hungary. Although its relatively low national income is a partial explanation for Slovakia's status in this respect, this review finds that Slovakia has scope to reduce its expenditures and the rapid rate of growth in its pharmaceutical spending. Financing of pharmaceutical expenditure in Slovakia rests more heavily on the public sector than is typical in the OECD, with out-of-pocket spending accounting for just a quarter of total expenditure. The effectiveness of international price referencing in limiting Slovak prices for on-patent pharmaceutical products is questionable. For products that have gone off-patent and for those with similar chemical structure, a reference-pricing scheme and competition among generic alternatives results in effective price control, although incentives for generic substitution are weak (for patients) and misaligned (for pharmacists). When deciding whether a drug will be reimbursed through the social insurance scheme, the cost-effectiveness of new pharmaceuticals is not assessed. On the other hand, certain policy goals have been achieved. The accessibility and availability of medicines--including the most innovative products--is good; affordability is supported by relatively low average co-payment levels. While more expensive drugs usually have higher cost-sharing, drugs are not excluded from coverage on affordability grounds. Le présent document examine les différents aspects des politiques et des caractéristiques du marché du secteur pharmaceutique slovaque, et évalue les objectifs atteints. La part des dépenses pharmaceutiques dans l'ensemble des dépenses de santé est plus élevée en République slovaque que dans tout autre pays de l'OCDE, et la proportion du revenu national consacrée aux produits pharmaceutiques n'est plus forte qu'en Hongrie. Si la modestie relative du revenu national explique en partie cette situation, le présent examen indique que la République slovaque dispose d'une certaine marge de manœuvre pour réduire ses dépenses pharmaceutiques et ralentir la croissance rapide de ceux-ci. En République slovaque, le financement des dépenses pharmaceutiques dépend davantage du secteur public que dans les autres pays membres de l'OCDE : la participation aux coûts des ménages n'en supporte que le quart. Le recours aux prix de référence externes n'a pas fait la preuve de modérer les prix slovaques des produits pharmaceutiques qui sont encore protégés par un brevet. S'agissant des produits tombés dans le domaine public et des produits ayant une structure chimique comparable, un dispositif de prix de référence et la concurrence avec les génériques permettent une maîtrise effective des prix, même si les incitations à la substitution par des produits génériques sont faibles pour les patients et ne sont pas aligné pour les pharmaciens. Par ailleurs, le processus de décision de remboursement d'un médicament par l'assurance sociale ne donne pas lieu à une évaluation du coût-efficacité des nouveaux produits pharmaceutiques. D'un autre côté, certains objectifs des politiques pharmaceutiques ont été atteints. La facilité d'accès et la disponibilité des médicaments - y compris les plus innovants - sont satisfaisantes ; l'accessibilité financière aux médicaments est soutenue par la relative modération de la participation aux coûts de l'assuré. Si les médicaments chers sont en général synonymes pour l'assuré d'une participation financière supérieure, le critère de l'accessibilité financière n'est pas un motif d'exclusion de la liste des médicaments remboursés.

Suggested Citation

  • Zoltán Kaló & Elizabeth Docteur & Pierre Moïse, 2008. "Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Slovakia," OECD Health Working Papers 31, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaad:31-en
    DOI: 10.1787/244264621247
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    Cited by:

    1. Anna-Maria Fontrier & Jennifer Gill & Panos Kanavos, 2019. "International impact of external reference pricing: should national policy-makers care?," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(8), pages 1147-1164, November.
    2. Fontrier, Anna-Maria & Gill, Jennifer & Kanavos, Panos, 2019. "International impact of external reference pricing: should national policy makers care?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 100929, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    3. Kanavos, Panos, 2019. "Does external reference pricing deliver what it promises? Evidence on its impact at national level," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 101522, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    4. Katharina Elisabeth Fischer & Taika Koch & Karel Kostev & Tom Stargardt, 2018. "The impact of physician-level drug budgets on prescribing behavior," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 19(2), pages 213-222, March.
    5. Jennifer Gill & Anna-Maria Fontrier & Dionysis Kyriopoulos & Panos Kanavos, 2019. "Variations in external reference pricing implementation: does it matter for public policy?," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(9), pages 1375-1397, December.
    6. Corinne Blanquart & Saskia Seidel & Ina Frenzel, 2018. "A conceptual framework to identify key drivers for logistics and transport demand - testing the scheme for goods movement in the pharmaceutical supply chain in France and Germany [Un cadre conceptu," Post-Print hal-01919122, HAL.
    7. Lianne Barnieh & Fiona Clement & Anthony Harris & Marja Blom & Cam Donaldson & Scott Klarenbach & Don Husereau & Diane Lorenzetti & Braden Manns, 2014. "A Systematic Review of Cost-Sharing Strategies Used within Publicly-Funded Drug Plans in Member Countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(3), pages 1-10, March.
    8. Geng, Difei & Saggi, Kamal, 2020. "Optimal price regulations in international pharmaceutical markets with generic competition," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    9. Panos Kanavos & Anna-Maria Fontrier & Jennifer Gill & Olina Efthymiadou, 2020. "Does external reference pricing deliver what it promises? Evidence on its impact at national level," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 21(1), pages 129-151, February.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    marché pharmaceutique; pharmaceutical market; pharmaceutical policy; politique pharmaceutique; pricing; reimbursement; République slovaque; Slovakia; tarification et remboursement;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I11 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Analysis of Health Care Markets
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

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