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Resolving and Avoiding Unsustainable Imbalances in the Euro Area

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  • Sebastian Barnes

    (OECD)

Abstract

Some euro area countries accumulated large and persistent external imbalances during the upswing, revealing important weaknesses in the macroeconomic management of the monetary union. Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain ran large current account deficits by historical standards, while Finland, Germany and the Netherlands had substantial surpluses. Some of these deficits and surpluses were larger than appear justified by economic fundamentals. The massive debt accumulation made deficit economies vulnerable to shocks, complicated their recovery from the world financial crisis, and has challenged the stability of the euro area. In some countries, fiscal policy in the past decade failed to counter and sometimes aggravated these pressures. External imbalances were driven by underlying domestic economic, financial and sometimes fiscal imbalances. These were the result of a combination of a wide range of country-specific shocks and insufficient macroeconomic and financial stabilisation. Movements in real interest rates in some countries contributed to diverging borrowing and saving patterns, which fuelled credit booms and a weakening of competitiveness in some deficit countries. Weaknesses in financial regulation and over-optimistic growth expectations encouraged excessive risk-taking in both deficit and surplus countries. Harmful imbalances can be characterised by a misallocation of resources and increased vulnerability. When the financial crisis hit, some deficit countries faced the combined problems of a sharp contraction in private demand, an impaired financial system and weak public finances. Unwinding large imbalances, in both deficit and surplus countries, will be a prolonged and difficult process. A new and cross-cutting approach to economic and financial management in the euro area is required to ensure balanced development in the future. While the shocks that led to this build-up of imbalances may not recur, similar pressures are likely to arise within the monetary union in the future. Macroeconomic, financial and fiscal management should be strengthened in an integrated way, alongside structural reforms. This should aim to achieve the differentiation necessary to improve stabilisation of national economies, while ensuring that the euro area as a whole is protected from unsustainable developments in individual countries. Important legislative changes are underway at EU level to improve the surveillance of imbalances and to help ensure that the necessary corrective action is undertaken where risks emerge. This working paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of the Euro Area (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/euroarea). Résorber et éviter les déséquilibres non soutenables dans la zone euro Certains pays de la zone euro ont accumulé des déséquilibres extérieurs importants et persistants durant la phase d’expansion, qui ont mis au jour de sérieuses déficiences dans la gestion macroéconomique de l’union monétaire. L’Espagne, la Grèce, l’Irlande et le Portugal ont enregistré des déficits de balance courante élevés par rapport aux périodes passées, alors que l’Allemagne, la Finlande et les Pays-Bas ont affiché des excédents substantiels. Certains de ces déficits et excédents étaient plus prononcés que ne le justifiaient, semble-t-il, les fondamentaux économiques. L’accumulation massive de la dette a rendu les économies déficitaires vulnérables face aux chocs, compliqué leur redressement après la crise financière mondiale et remis en cause la stabilité de la zone euro. Dans certains pays, la politique budgétaire n’a pu contrecarrer et a parfois même aggravé ces tensions. Les déséquilibres extérieurs ont été nourris par des déséquilibres internes sous-jacents, dans les domaines économique, financier et parfois budgétaire, imputables à la fois à une série de chocs par pays et à une stabilisation macroéconomique et financière insuffisante. Les variations des taux d’intérêt réels dans certains pays ont contribué à des profils d’emprunt et d’épargne divergents qui ont alimenté une forte expansion du crédit et suscité un affaiblissement de la compétitivité dans plusieurs pays déficitaires. Les déficiences de la réglementation financière et les anticipations de croissance exagérément optimistes ont encouragé une prise de risques excessifs dans les pays déficitaires comme dans les pays excédentaires. Les déséquilibres néfastes impliquent des distorsions dans l’allocation des ressources et une vulnérabilité accrue. Lorsque la crise financière a frappé, certains pays déficitaires ont été confrontés à une combinaison de problèmes : forte contraction de la demande privée, défaillance du système financier et fragilité des finances publiques. La correction des déséquilibres extérieurs, dans les pays déficitaires comme dans les pays excédentaires, sera longue et difficile. Une nouvelle approche pluridisciplinaire de la gestion économique et financière dans la zone euro s’impose pour assurer un développement équilibré à l’avenir. Les chocs qui ont conduit à cette accumulation de déséquilibres ne se reproduiront pas nécessairement, mais des pressions du même type apparaîtront vraisemblablement au sein de l’union monétaire. La gestion macroéconomique, financière et budgétaire devra être renforcée de façon intégrée, parallèlement à la mise en oeuvre de réformes structurelles. La différenciation nécessaire à une plus grande stabilisation des économies nationales pourra ainsi être assurée, tout en garantissant la protection de la zone euro dans son ensemble contre les évolutions peu viables intervenant dans les différents pays. D’importantes modifications législatives sont engagées au niveau de l’UE pour améliorer la surveillance des déséquilibres et veiller à ce que les mesures correctrices nécessaires soient engagées lorsque des risques se manifestent. Ce document de travail porte sur l'Étude économique du Zone euro. (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/zoneeuro).

Suggested Citation

  • Sebastian Barnes, 2010. "Resolving and Avoiding Unsustainable Imbalances in the Euro Area," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 827, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:827-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5km33sv3jn8s-en
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Mikkel Hermansen & Oliver Röhn, 2017. "Economic resilience: The usefulness of early warning indicators in OECD countries," OECD Journal: Economic Studies, OECD Publishing, vol. 2016(1), pages 9-35.
    2. Eleonora Cutrini & Giorgio Galeazzi, 2017. "External Public Debt, Trade Linkages and Contagion During the Eurozone Crisis," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(9), pages 1718-1749, September.
    3. Angelini, Elisabetta Croci & Farina, Francesco, 2012. "Current account imbalances and systemic risk within a monetary union," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 83(3), pages 647-656.
    4. D. Siena, 2014. "The European Monetary Union and Imbalances: Is it an Anticipation Story ?," Working papers 501, Banque de France.
    5. Philip R. Lane & Peter McQuade, 2014. "Domestic Credit Growth and International Capital Flows," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 116(1), pages 218-252, January.
    6. Torój, Andrzej, 2012. "Excessive Imbalance Procedure in the EU: a Welfare Evaluation," MF Working Papers 11, Ministry of Finance in Poland, revised 03 Feb 2012.
    7. Consolo, Agostino & Malfa, Federica & Pierluigi, Beatrice, 2018. "Insolvency frameworks and private debt: an empirical investigation," Working Paper Series 2189, European Central Bank.
    8. Pierluigi, Beatrice & Sondermann, David, 2018. "Macroeconomic imbalances in the euro area: where do we stand?," Occasional Paper Series 211, European Central Bank.
    9. Torój, Andrzej & Bednarek, Elżbieta & Bęza-Bojanowska, Joanna & Osińska, Joanna & Waćko, Katarzyna & Witkowski, Dariusz, 2012. "EMU: the (post-)crisis perspective. Literature survey and implications for the euro-candidates," MF Working Papers 12, Ministry of Finance in Poland, revised 06 Mar 2012.
    10. Florian Morvillier, 2018. "On the impact of the launch of the euro on EMU macroeconomic vulnerability," EconomiX Working Papers 2018-51, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
    11. Florian Morvillier, 2018. "On the impact of the launch of the euro on EMU macroeconomic vulnerability," Working Papers hal-04141675, HAL.
    12. Oliver Röhn & Aida Caldera Sánchez & Mikkel Hermansen & Morten Rasmussen, 2015. "Economic resilience: A new set of vulnerability indicators for OECD countries," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1249, OECD Publishing.
    13. Eleonora Cutrini and Giorgio Galeazzi, 2014. "Contagion in the Euro crisis: capital flows and trade linkages," Working Papers 44-2014, Macerata University, Department of Studies on Economic Development (DiSSE), revised Nov 2014.
    14. repec:hal:journl:dumas-00909907 is not listed on IDEAS
    15. Torój, Andrzej, 2015. "Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure in the EU: a Welfare Evaluation," MF Working Papers 22, Ministry of Finance in Poland.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    competitiveness; compétitivité; credit booms; current account; déséquilibres; euro area; expansion du crédit; imbalances; monetary union; solde extérieur; union monétaire; zone Euro;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F32 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
    • F36 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics

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