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Determinants of the Low Female Labour Force Participation in India

Author

Listed:
  • Piritta Sorsa
  • Jan Mares
  • Mathilde Didier
  • Caio Guimaraes
  • Marie Rabate
  • Gen Tang
  • Annamaria Tuske

    (OECD)

Abstract

The low and declining female labour force participation rate in India despite strong growth over the past decade is puzzling and stands out among emerging markets. At the same time greater economic participation of women can be a source of inclusive growth, and wellbeing. Assessing determinants of the labour force participation of women in India can open important policy insights. This paper first describes key employment trends in India by gender. Then the potential determinants of female labour force participation are identified based on literature, basic statistics and econometric techniques. Given the large regional differences in India the analysis is also conducted by region and between rural and urban areas. In contrast to other BRIICs or OECD countries, education and incomes are negatively correlated with female labour for participation in India. Apart from lack of jobs, social and cultural factors keep women outside the labour force. Other determinants relate to infrastructure, access to finance, labour laws and rural employment programmes. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of India (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-india.htm). Les déterminants de l'activité économique des femmes en Inde Le taux d’activité féminin en Inde, faible et en repli en dépit de la solide croissance des dix dernières années, laisse perplexe et fait figure d’exception parmi les économies émergentes. Parallèlement, une plus forte participation des femmes à l’économie pourrait être source de croissance inclusive et de bien-être. L’évaluation des déterminants de l’activité économique des femmes en Inde pourrait ouvrir d’importantes pistes d’analyse pour l’action publique. Le présent document décrit tout d’abord les principales tendances de l’emploi en Inde, en fonction des sexes. Puis les déterminants potentiels de l’activité féminine sont identifiés à partir d’une revue des publications, de statistiques élémentaires et de modèles économétriques. Compte tenu des grandes différences régionales en Inde l'analyse est également menée par région et entre les zones rurales et urbaines. Contrairement à d'autres pays de l'OCDE ou BRIICS, l'éducation et les revenus sont en corrélation négative avec le travail des femmes à la participation en Inde. Outre le manque d'emplois, facteurs sociaux et culturels empêchent les femmes en dehors du marché du travail. Autres facteurs déterminants ont trait à l'infrastructure, l'accès au financement, la législation du travail et des programmes d'emploi rural. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de l'Inde, 2014 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-inde.htm).

Suggested Citation

  • Piritta Sorsa & Jan Mares & Mathilde Didier & Caio Guimaraes & Marie Rabate & Gen Tang & Annamaria Tuske, 2015. "Determinants of the Low Female Labour Force Participation in India," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1207, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1207-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Veeramani, Choorikkad & Banerjee, Purna, 2022. "Exchange rate fluctuations, labour laws, and gender differences in job flows: Analysis of manufacturing industries across Indian states," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    2. Klasen, Stephan, 2020. "From ‘MeToo’ to Boko Haram: A survey of levels and trends of gender inequality in the world," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    3. Chhavi Tiwari & Srinivas Goli & Anu Rammohan, 2022. "Reproductive Burden and Its Impact on Female Labor Market Outcomes in India: Evidence from Longitudinal Analyses," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 41(6), pages 2493-2529, December.
    4. Dhanaraj, Sowmya & Mahambare, Vidya, 2019. "Family structure, education and women’s employment in rural India," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 17-29.
    5. Martin Mulwa & Timothy Gichana, 2020. "Does education reduce gender differentials in labor market participation? A Kenyan perspective," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 32(3), pages 446-458, September.
    6. Lakhwinder Singh Kang & Gurpreet Kaur, 2020. "Personal Cognitive Factors Affecting Career Aspirations of Women Working in Financial Sector in India," Vision, , vol. 24(4), pages 419-430, December.
    7. Mehrotra, Santosh & Parida, Jajati K., 2017. "Why is the Labour Force Participation of Women Declining in India?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 360-380.
    8. Dhanaraj, Sowmya & Mahambare, Vidya, 2019. "Family structure, education and women’s employment in rural India," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 17-29.
    9. Tas,Emcet Oktay & Ahmed,Tanima, 2021. "Women’s Economic Participation, Time Use, and Access to Childcare in Urban Bangladesh," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9735, The World Bank.
    10. Elsa Kyander, 2020. "Trade Liberalisation and Female Employment in Manufacturing: Evidence from India," CSAE Working Paper Series 2020-22, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
    11. Rim Berahab & Zineb Bouba & Pierre-Richard Agénor, 2017. "Egalité de genre, politiques publiques et croissance économique au Maroc," Books & Reports, Policy Center for the New South, number 13, December.
    12. Sarkar, Sudipa & Sahoo, Soham & Klasen, Stephan, 2019. "Employment transitions of women in India: A panel analysis," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 291-309.
    13. Afridi, Farzana & Dinkelman, Taryn & Mahajan, Kanika, 2016. "Why Are Fewer Married Women Joining the Work Force in India? A Decomposition Analysis over Two Decades," IZA Discussion Papers 9722, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    14. Gupta, Tanu & Negi, Digvijay, 2021. "Daughter Vs. Daughter-in-Law: Kinship Roles and Women’s Time Use in India," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315021, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    15. Nandi, Arijit & Agarwal, Parul & Chandrashekar, Anoushaka & Harper, Sam, 2020. "Access to affordable daycare and women’s economic opportunities: evidence from a cluster randomised intervention in India," OSF Preprints du3xg, Center for Open Science.
    16. Shruti Shuvam & Pratap C. Mohanty, 2023. "Necessity or Opportunity Driven: Gender Differentials and Structural Changes of Proprietorship in the Indian Unorganized Enterprises," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 24(2), pages 295-316, April.
    17. Balhasan Ali & Preeti Dhillon & Sivakami Muthusamy & Udaya Shankar Mishra, 2023. "Understanding Female Labour Force Participation and Domestic Work in India: The Role of Co-residence and Household Composition," Journal of Development Policy and Practice, , vol. 8(2), pages 162-193, July.
    18. Usami, Yoshifumi & Patra, Subhajit & Kapoor, Abhinav, 2018. "Measuring Female Work Participation in Rural India: What Do the Primary and Secondary Data Show?," Review of Agrarian Studies, Foundation for Agrarian Studies, vol. 8(2), December.
    19. Yew Seng Law & Chung-Khain Wye, 2023. "The effects of fertility on female labour force participation in OECD countries: the role of education and health," Studies in Economics and Econometrics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(3), pages 280-302, July.
    20. Krishna Surjya Das & Deepak Kumar Mishra, 2018. "Woman and work in rural Assam: pattern and determinants," Journal of Social and Economic Development, Springer;Institute for Social and Economic Change, vol. 20(2), pages 213-239, October.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    activité économique des femmes; female labour force participation; gender; gender equality; Inde; India; égalité des sexes;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J18 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Public Policy
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J46 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Informal Labor Market
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing
    • J82 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards - - - Labor Force Composition
    • J83 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards - - - Workers' Rights

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