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Raising the Economic Participation of Women in India: A New Growth Engine?

Author

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  • Piritta Sorsa

    (OECD)

Abstract

Economic participation of women in the labour force or as entrepreneurs is low compared to peers and has declined over the past decades despite strong growth. The gap with men is over 50%--the largest among key emerging markets. Participation declines with higher education achievements and family incomes. The reasons are complex: socioeconomic and cultural factors are important - family status increases if women stay home, house work has become more attractive than poorly paid market work as husband’s incomes have risen; and safety concerns and poor infrastructure keep women from market work. Nevertheless, high unemployment among educated women and revealed preference for work in surveys indicate that many women would work if conditions improved. Availability of jobs is also an issue as the high growth has not created enough jobs for men and especially for women. Specific gender policies will be needed to enlarge economic opportunities for women and to overcome socioeconomic and cultural barriers. This paper analyses the determinants of low female economic participation and recommends policies for raising it. The paper also estimates long-term growth effects of raising participation with selected policies. More and better jobs for women in India could raise growth by about 2 percentage points a year over time. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of India (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-india.htm). Rehausser la participation des femmes à l'économie en Inde : Un nouveau moteur de croissance L’activité économique des femmes, dans la main-d’oeuvre ou comme entrepreneurs, est faible au regard de pays comparables et a diminué ces dix dernières années, malgré une solide croissance. L’écart par rapport au taux d’activité des hommes est supérieur à 50 %, soit le plus élevé parmi les principales économies émergentes. L’activité des femmes diminue à mesure que leur niveau d’instruction et les revenus du ménage augmentent. Les raisons sont complexes et les facteurs socioéconomiques et culturels y jouent un rôle important : en effet, la famille jouit d’un meilleur statut si la femme reste à la maison ; le revenu du mari ayant augmenté, le travail domestique est devenu plus intéressant qu’un travail marchand peu rémunéré ; enfin, des questions de sécurité et la médiocrité des infrastructures empêchent les femmes de travailler. Pour autant, le fort chômage des femmes très diplômées et les préférences professionnelles qu’elles révèlent dans certaines enquêtes indiquent que bon nombre travailleraient si les conditions le permettaient. L’offre d’emplois est également problématique puisque la forte croissance n’a pas créé suffisamment d’emplois pour les hommes et singulièrement, pour les femmes. Des politiques spécifiques en faveur de l’égalité hommes-femmes seront nécessaires pour offrir plus d’opportunités économiques aux femmes et surmonter les obstacles socioéconomiques et culturels. Le présent chapitre analyse les déterminants du faible taux d’activité féminin et recommande des mesures pour l’améliorer. Par ailleurs, il examine les effets sur la croissance à long terme d’une augmentation de l’activité féminine à l’aide de certaines mesures. La création d’emplois plus nombreux et de meilleure qualité pour les femmes en Inde pourrait permettre de gagner deux points de croissance par an au fil du temps. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de l'Inde, 2014 (http://www.oecd.org/fr/economie/etude-economique-inde.htm).

Suggested Citation

  • Piritta Sorsa, 2015. "Raising the Economic Participation of Women in India: A New Growth Engine?," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1185, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1185-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Isha Gupta, 2020. "Fertility And Mothers’ Labour Force Participation In Rural India," "Marco Fanno" Working Papers 0267, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche "Marco Fanno".
    2. Chatterjee, Ira & Shepherd, Dean A. & Wincent, Joakim, 2022. "Women's entrepreneurship and well-being at the base of the pyramid," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 37(4).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    female economic participation; gender; gender equality; Inde; India; participation économique des femmes; égalité des sexes;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J18 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Public Policy
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J46 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Informal Labor Market
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing
    • J82 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards - - - Labor Force Composition
    • J83 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards - - - Workers' Rights

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