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La réforme monétaire française de 1577 : les difficultés d'une expérience radicale

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  • Jérôme Blanc

    (TRIANGLE - Triangle : action, discours, pensée politique et économique - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

La France connaît en 1577 le sommet d'une crise monétaire aiguë qu'une réforme monétaire inédite tente de résoudre. Sa principale mesure consiste à supprimer le compte en livres tournois au profit d'une monnaie dite réelle, l'écu d'or. Ce texte vise à éclairer la réforme par son contexte historique et intellectuel et à identifier son rapport aux transformations de la souveraineté sur longue période et à ses soubresauts sur courte période. Après avoir posé le problème (1), il expose l'étendue de la crise monétaire et les caractéristiques de la réforme (2). Il propose alors plusieurs regards successifs sur ce moment de l'histoire monétaire française prenant forme de trois paradoxes. Un premier paradoxe tient à ce que l'on croit généralement que la controverse entre Malestroit et Bodin a servi de matrice à la réforme, alors que c'est la Cour des monnaies, et parmi elle en particulier Thomas Turquam, qui en est à l'origine (3). Un deuxième paradoxe tient au rapport de cette réforme à la souveraineté : elle est lue comme une tentative de recouvrer une souveraineté monétaire perdue alors que, en ancrant la monnaie dans le métal, elle élimine toute capacité de mener une politique monétaire (4). Un troisième paradoxe tient au contexte de la période : la réforme de 1577 vise à stabiliser la monnaie alors que les graves troubles politiques, économiques et financiers semblent vouer une telle tentative à l'échec (5). Tout cela contribue à rendre cette réforme difficilement tenable : bientôt les cours volontaires réapparaissent, la réforme rate son objectif de stabilisation et la souveraineté politique sur la monnaie est contestée dans ses fondements mêmes (6).

Suggested Citation

  • Jérôme Blanc, 2011. "La réforme monétaire française de 1577 : les difficultés d'une expérience radicale," Post-Print halshs-00656436, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00656436
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00656436
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ludovic Desmedt & Jérôme Blanc, 2010. "Counteracting Counterfeiting? Bodin, Mariana, and Locke on False Money as a Multidimensional Issue," History of Political Economy, Duke University Press, vol. 42(2), pages 323-360, Summer.
    2. Philip Arestis & Peter Howells, 2002. "The 1520-1640 "Great Inflation": An Early Case of Controversy on the Nature of Money," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., vol. 24(2), pages 181-203, December.
    3. Glassman, Debra & Redish, Angela, 1988. "Currency depreciation in early modern England and France," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 75-97, January.
    4. Philip Arestis & Peter Howells, 2001. "The 1520-1640 “Great Inflation”: An Early Case of Controversy on the Nature of Money," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(2), pages 181-203, December.
    5. André Tiran, 2005. "De la monnaie = Della moneta / Ferdinando Galiani," Post-Print halshs-00174623, HAL.
    6. Ludovic Desmedt & Jérôme Blanc, 2010. "Counteracting counterfeiting? Bodin, Mariana and Locke and false money as a multidimensional issue," Post-Print halshs-01226920, HAL.
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    Keywords

    Monetary crisis; monetary reform; unit of account; sovereignty; early modern period; Crise monétaire; réforme monétaire; système de compte; souveraineté; France; Ancien régime;
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