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Global Liquidity: Drivers, Volatility and Toolkits

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  • Goldberg, Linda S.

Abstract

Global liquidity refers to the volumes of financial flows – largely intermediated through global banks and non-bank financial institutions – that can move at relatively high frequencies across borders. The amplitude of responses to global conditions like risk sentiment, discussed in the context of the global financial cycle, depends on the characteristics and vulnerabilities of the institutions providing funding flows. Evidence from across empirical approaches and using granular data provides policy-relevant lessons. International spillovers of monetary policy and risk sentiment through global liquidity evolve in response to regulation, the characteristics of financial institutions, and actions of official institutions around liquidity provision. Strong prudential policies in the home countries of global banks and official facilities reduce funding strains during stress events. Country-specific policy challenges, summarized by the monetary and financial trilemmas, are partially alleviated. However, risk migration across types of financial intermediaries underscores the importance of advancing regulatory agendas related to non-bank financial institutions.

Suggested Citation

  • Goldberg, Linda S., 2023. "Global Liquidity: Drivers, Volatility and Toolkits," CEPR Discussion Papers 18231, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:18231
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    2. Swapan-Kumar Pradhan & Elod Takats & Judit Temesvary, 2024. "How does fiscal policy affect the transmission of monetary policy into cross-border bank lending? Cross-country evidence," BIS Working Papers 1226, Bank for International Settlements.
    3. Stefan Avdjiev & Leonardo Gambacorta & Linda S. Goldberg & Stefano Schiaffi, 2025. "The Risk Sensitivity of Global Liquidity Flows: Heterogeneity, Evolution and Drivers," NBER Working Papers 33674, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Beqiraj, Elton & Cao, Qingqing & De Haas, Ralph & Minetti, Raoul, 2025. "Reprint of: Global banking and macroeconomic stability. Liquidity, control, and monitoring," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    5. Beqiraj, Elton & Cao, Qingqing & De Haas, Ralph & Minetti, Raoul, 2025. "Global banking and macroeconomic stability. Liquidity, control, and monitoring," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    6. Huang, Yu-Fan & Liao, Wenting & Wang, Taining, 2024. "Does US financial uncertainty spill over through the (asymmetric) international credit channel? The role of market expectations," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    7. Yang, Zheng & You, Yu, 2023. "The impacts of macroprudential regulations on extreme episodes in bank flows: Whose policy helps and whose policy harms?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PA).
    8. Probir Kumar Bhowmik & Shahadat Hossain & Niluthpaul Sarker, 2025. "Liquidity in State-owned Banks: what matters the most," Advances in Management and Applied Economics, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 15(1), pages 1-5.
    9. Claudia M. Buch & Linda S. Goldberg, 2024. "International Banking and Nonbank Financial Intermediation: Global Liquidity, Regulation, and Implications," Staff Reports 1091, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • F30 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - General
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

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