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Quelle nouvelle ère pour la Chine ? Les défis de la prospérité intérieure et de l’affirmation internationale

Author

Listed:
  • Michel Aglietta
  • Camille Macaire

Abstract

Le 14e plan quinquennal de la Chine a inauguré la «double circulation», un changement structurel de l’accumulation intensive de capital (la Chine comme usine du monde) vers un développement dirigé par l’innovation. La part intérieure de la stratégie consiste à développer le marché domestique, en adressant la question du vieillissement démographique. Elle constitue une opportunité de développement, avec la constitution d’un immense marché de consommation. Mais elle exigera aussi une refonte en profondeur des filets de sécurité, qui peine à se matérialiser. La montée en gamme de l’appareil productif, élément central de la stratégie intérieure, se heurte à l’instrumentalisation par les États-Unis de l’industrie des semi-conducteurs dans leur stratégie d’endiguement de la Chine, avec des implications aussi bien civiles que militaires. Enfin, le chemin vers la neutralité carbone en 2060 sera très abrupt, et la feuille de route pour y parvenir est lacunaire et peine à convaincre pour l’instant. La Chine, qui est devenue leader dans l’industrie de la transition énergétique, pourrait toutefois transformer en partie ce défi en opportunité comme relais de croissance. La part internationale de la transformation du régime de croissance consiste à proposer une alternative au système organisé autour des institutions de Bretton Woods pour un nouvel ordre géopolitique, en faisant de la Chine le chef de file des pays émergents. Cet appel trouve un écho favorable auprès de pays qui pour certains manifestent leur volonté de s’émanciper de l’influence américaine, comme on l’a vu à l’occasion du dernier sommet annuel des BRICS. Mais il se heurte à une méfiance toujours forte vis-à-vis des desseins chinois, dans un contexte de résurgence d’un antagonisme sino-américain qui s’est fortement durci et qui paraît irréconciliable. La Chine a une feuille de route ambitieuse. Elle devra faire face à des défis majeurs, démographiques, climatiques et géopolitiques, qui pourraient ralentir la transformation de son modèle de croissance et limiter sa sphère d’influence sur la scène mondiale.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Aglietta & Camille Macaire, 2023. "Quelle nouvelle ère pour la Chine ? Les défis de la prospérité intérieure et de l’affirmation internationale," CEPII Policy Brief 2023-43, CEPII research center.
  • Handle: RePEc:cii:cepipb:2023-43
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    JEL classification:

    • E61 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
    • F02 - International Economics - - General - - - International Economic Order and Integration
    • F33 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
    • F51 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
    • O53 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Asia including Middle East

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