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A Generalized Langevin Model of Latent Liquidity and Concave Price Impact

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  • Andrey Itkin

Abstract

We model market impact as the response to submitted order flow net of counterflow from latent traders, activated when price displacements from the level that would prevail without the order exceed individual thresholds. Order flow depletes this pool, and a generalized Langevin equation governs its recovery over several time scales. Its memory kernels are finite sums of exponentials, so its Markovian lift is exact rather than an approximation. For an undepleted pool, aggregation under explicit assumptions on individual trading responses yields an intermediate square-root regime between linear small- and large-order limits, without imposing a square-root impact law. Scaling thresholds and responses with price noise makes impact in this regime proportional to volatility, and thresholds that grow with the execution horizon make it independent of duration. With constant displayed depth, expected round-trip costs are nonnegative under the log-price convention, independently of the memory. Numerical experiments show that depletion narrows the square-root range and that memory spectra producing similar single-order impacts can respond differently after substantial prior trading. Calibration to market data is left to a companion paper.

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  • Andrey Itkin, 2026. "A Generalized Langevin Model of Latent Liquidity and Concave Price Impact," Papers 2609.37872, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2609.37872
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bruno Durin & Mathieu Rosenbaum & Gr'egoire Szymanski, 2023. "The two square root laws of market impact and the role of sophisticated market participants," Papers 2311.18283, arXiv.org.
    2. Iacopo Mastromatteo & Bence Toth & Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, 2013. "Agent-based models for latent liquidity and concave price impact," Papers 1311.6262, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2014.
    3. J. Donier & J. Bonart & I. Mastromatteo & J.-P. Bouchaud, 2015. "A fully consistent, minimal model for non-linear market impact," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(7), pages 1109-1121, July.
    4. Jonathan Donier & Julius Bonart & Iacopo Mastromatteo & Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, 2014. "A fully consistent, minimal model for non-linear market impact," Papers 1412.0141, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2015.
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