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Think, Speak, Decide: Language-Augmented Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Economic Decision-Making

Author

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  • Heyang Ma
  • Qirui Mi
  • Qipeng Yang
  • Zijun Fan
  • Bo Li
  • Haifeng Zhang

Abstract

Economic decision-making depends not only on structured signals such as prices and taxes, but also on unstructured language, including peer dialogue and media narratives. While multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has shown promise in optimizing economic decisions, it struggles with the semantic ambiguity and contextual richness of language. We propose LAMP (Language-Augmented Multi-Agent Policy), a framework that integrates language into economic decision-making and narrows the gap to real-world settings. LAMP follows a Think-Speak-Decide pipeline: (1) Think interprets numerical observations to extract short-term shocks and long-term trends, caching high-value reasoning trajectories; (2) Speak crafts and exchanges strategic messages based on reasoning, updating beliefs by parsing peer communications; and (3) Decide fuses numerical data, reasoning, and reflections into a MARL policy to optimize language-augmented decision-making. Experiments in economic simulation show that LAMP outperforms both MARL and LLM-only baselines in cumulative return (+63.5%, +34.0%), robustness (+18.8%, +59.4%), and interpretability. These results demonstrate the potential of language-augmented policies to deliver more effective and robust economic strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Heyang Ma & Qirui Mi & Qipeng Yang & Zijun Fan & Bo Li & Haifeng Zhang, 2025. "Think, Speak, Decide: Language-Augmented Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Economic Decision-Making," Papers 2511.12876, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2025.
  • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2511.12876
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