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Going Beyond Hofstede: Why We Need to and How

In: Beyond Hofstede

Author

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  • Cheryl Nakata

Abstract

In 1980 Geert Hofstede published his landmark study, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. The book described what has been the largest survey of work values, encompassing 88,000 employees in 72 countries. An updated version expanded the survey to an additional ten countries and three regions (Hofstede, 2001). Arguably more important than the scale of the study was the framework it introduced. Based on the survey data, Hofstede put forth a new and parsimonious conceptualization of culture, accompanied by measurements and indexes. He proposed that culture is the “collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another” (1980, p. 13), and more specifically identified five universal values occurring to varying degrees in each country: individualism, masculinity, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. The framework translated the rather amorphous idea of culture into a tractable construct amenable to empirical research. Subsequently, the framework has been widely applied in various business disciplines, as well as spilling over into the social sciences.

Suggested Citation

  • Cheryl Nakata, 2009. "Going Beyond Hofstede: Why We Need to and How," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Cheryl Nakata (ed.), Beyond Hofstede, chapter 1, pages 3-15, Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:palchp:978-0-230-24083-4_1
    DOI: 10.1057/9780230240834_1
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    Cited by:

    1. Dimitrov, Kiril & Geshkov, Marin, 2018. "Dominating Attributes Of Professed Firm Culture Of Holding Companies – Members Of The Bulgarian Industrial Capital Association," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 12(3), pages 384-418.
    2. Dimitrov, Kiril, 2014. "Geert Hofstede et al’s Set of National Cultural Dimensions - Popularity and Criticisms," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 8(2), pages 30-60.
    3. Dimitrov, Kiril, 2015. "Talent management – an etymological study," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 11(1).
    4. Ulla A. Saari & Saku J. Mäkinen, 2017. "Measuring brand experiences cross-nationally," Journal of Brand Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 24(1), pages 86-104, January.
    5. Dimitrov, Kiril & Ivanov, Ivaylo, 2020. "The Professed Culture of the Business Organizations in the Defense Industry in Bulgaria. What Does it Look Like? And do they Need it?," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 26(3), pages 433-470.
    6. Mette Zølner, 2014. "Voices on HRM Practices: Employee Interpretations at the Subsidiary of a Danish MNC in Bangalore," International Journal of Business and Social Research, LAR Center Press, vol. 4(11), pages 43-59, November.
    7. Mette Zølner, 2014. "Voices on HRM Practices: Employee Interpretations at the Subsidiary of a Danish MNC in Bangalore," International Journal of Business and Social Research, MIR Center for Socio-Economic Research, vol. 4(11), pages 43-59, November.

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