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China's “new era” in foreign policy: Explaining change under Xi Jinping

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  • Shale Horowitz
  • Jingnan Liu

Abstract

China's supreme leader, Xi Jinping, has made fundamental changes to China's foreign policy, which have important implications for international security. What are the sources of Xi's foreign policy changes? Rather than assume that particular theoretical schools of international relations may provide the best explanations of foreign policy, we begin by observing that specific leaders' foreign policy preferences vary significantly. We infer characteristics of Xi's foreign policy preferences and methods based on his ideological statements, along with evidence from his domestic policies and habitually preferred methods of domestic rule. We find that these predicted characteristics imply policies that closely align with the revealed pattern of foreign policy change but also point out that foreign policy outcomes provide additional evidence about preferences that cannot be derived from ideological statements and domestic policy evidence. 中国最高领导人习近平对中国的外交政策进行了根本性变革,对国际安全具有重要启示。习近平外交政策变革的来源是什么?与其假设特定的国际关系理论流派可能为外交政策提供最佳解释,不如先进行一个观察,即特定领导人的外交政策偏好存在很大差异。我们根据习近平的意识形态言论以及他的国内政策和习惯性偏爱的国内统治方法,推断出他的外交政策偏好和方法的特点。我们发现,这些预测特点意味着政策与揭示的外交政策变革模式密切相关,但也指出,外交政策结果提供了关于偏好的额外证据,而这些偏好无法从意识形态言论和国内政策证据中得出。 El líder supremo de China, Xi Jinping, ha realizado cambios fundamentales en la política exterior de China, con importantes implicaciones para la seguridad internacional. ¿Cuáles son las fuentes de los cambios en la política exterior de Xi? En lugar de suponer que determinadas escuelas teóricas de relaciones internacionales pueden proporcionar las mejores explicaciones de la política exterior, comenzamos con la observación de que las preferencias de política exterior de determinados líderes varían significativamente. Inferimos características de las preferencias y métodos de política exterior de Xi con base en sus declaraciones ideológicas, junto con evidencia de sus políticas internas y métodos de gobierno interno habitualmente preferidos. Encontramos que estas características predichas implican políticas que se alinean estrechamente con el patrón revelado de cambio de política exterior, pero también señalamos que los resultados de la política exterior proporcionan evidencia adicional sobre preferencias que no pueden derivarse de declaraciones ideológicas y evidencia de política interna.

Suggested Citation

  • Shale Horowitz & Jingnan Liu, 2024. "China's “new era” in foreign policy: Explaining change under Xi Jinping," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 187(4), pages 404-420, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:187:y:2024:i:4:p:404-420
    DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12046
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    References listed on IDEAS

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