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Heuristics Structure and Pervade Formal Risk Assessment

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  • Brian H. MacGillivray

Abstract

Lay perceptions of risk appear rooted more in heuristics than in reason. A major concern of the risk regulation literature is that such “error‐strewn” perceptions may be replicated in policy, as governments respond to the (mis)fears of the citizenry. This has led many to advocate a relatively technocratic approach to regulating risk, characterized by high reliance on formal risk and cost‐benefit analysis. However, through two studies of chemicals regulation, we show that the formal assessment of risk is pervaded by its own set of heuristics. These include rules to categorize potential threats, define what constitutes valid data, guide causal inference, and to select and apply formal models. Some of these heuristics lay claim to theoretical or empirical justifications, others are more back‐of‐the‐envelope calculations, while still more purport not to reflect some truth but simply to constrain discretion or perform a desk‐clearing function. These heuristics can be understood as a way of authenticating or formalizing risk assessment as a scientific practice, representing a series of rules for bounding problems, collecting data, and interpreting evidence (a methodology). Heuristics are indispensable elements of induction. And so they are not problematic per se, but they can become so when treated as laws rather than as contingent and provisional rules. Pitfalls include the potential for systematic error, masking uncertainties, strategic manipulation, and entrenchment. Our central claim is that by studying the rules of risk assessment qua rules, we develop a novel representation of the methods, conventions, and biases of the prior art.

Suggested Citation

  • Brian H. MacGillivray, 2014. "Heuristics Structure and Pervade Formal Risk Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(4), pages 771-787, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:34:y:2014:i:4:p:771-787
    DOI: 10.1111/risa.12136
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Edward J Calabrese & Linda A Baldwin, 2003. "Toxicology rethinks its central belief," Nature, Nature, vol. 421(6924), pages 691-692, February.
    2. Noll, Roger G & Krier, James E, 1990. "Some Implications of Cognitive Psychology for Risk Regulation," The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 19(2), pages 747-779, June.
    3. Herbert A. Simon & Allen Newell, 1958. "Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operations Research," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 6(1), pages 1-10, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniel J. Hicks & P. D. Magnus & Jessey Wright, 2020. "Inductive Risk, Science, and Values: A Reply to MacGillivray," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 40(4), pages 667-673, April.
    2. Brian H. MacGillivray, 2019. "Null Hypothesis Testing ≠ Scientific Inference: A Critique of the Shaky Premise at the Heart of the Science and Values Debate, and a Defense of Value‐Neutral Risk Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 39(7), pages 1520-1532, July.

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