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Are Risk Factor Disclosures Still Relevant? Evidence from Market Reactions to Risk Factor Disclosures Before and After the Financial Crisis

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  • Anne Beatty
  • Lin Cheng
  • Haiwen Zhang

Abstract

The SEC's Disclosure Effectiveness Initiative (December 2013) highlights a difference between accounting regulators and academics in their perceptions of Item 1A risk factor disclosure effectiveness. Because most academic evidence relies on pre‐financial crisis data, we compare changes in risk factor disclosure informativeness before and after the crisis as a possible explanation for this disconnect. We further explore this discrepancy by considering (i) three classes of market participants, (ii) new, discontinued, and repeated disclosures, and (iii) nonmarket outcomes. Our results confirm previous findings but indicate that those results no longer hold in the subsequent period. Specifically, we find that although equity, option, and bond markets react to unexpected risk factor disclosures in the period leading up to the financial crisis (2006–2008), the market reactions decline significantly in the post‐crisis period (2009–2014). Perhaps surprisingly, the documented changes in informativeness are not driven by disclosures repeated from one year to the next but instead result from new disclosures initiated in the current year and, in the option and debt markets, also from disclosures discontinued from the previous year. Finally, using the Altman Z‐score as an objective bankruptcy risk measure, we find that the association between risk factor disclosures and companies’ future bankruptcy risk declines significantly in the post financial crisis period. Taken together, these findings contribute to the current disclosure effectiveness debate by highlighting that risk factor disclosures, which were informative in the preceding period, become less reflective of the underlying economic risks and thus less informative to investors in the post‐crisis period. La déclaration des facteurs de risque est‐elle toujours pertinente ? Données tirées des réactions du marché à la déclaration des facteurs de risque avant et après la crise financière Le projet Disclosure Effectiveness Initiative de la SEC (décembre 2013) met en relief une différence entre les autorités de réglementation et les chercheurs en comptabilité dans leur perception de l'efficacité de la rubrique 1A du rapport annuel exigé par la SEC, portant sur la déclaration des facteurs de risque. Puisque la plupart des preuves recueillies par les chercheurs reposent sur des données antérieures à la crise financière, les auteurs comparent les changements dans le contenu en information de la déclaration des facteurs de risque avant et après la crise, comme explication possible de cette dichotomie. Ils analysent de plus près cet écart en se penchant sur i) trois catégories de participants au marché, ii) les déclarations nouvelles, interrompues et répétées, et iii) les répercussions non liées au marché. Les résultats qu'ils obtiennent confirment les observations précédentes mais révèlent que ces résultats ne tiennent plus dans la période subséquente à la crise. Les auteurs constatent plus précisément que, même si les marchés des capitaux, des options et des obligations réagissent à la déclaration de facteurs de risque inattendus dans la période précédant la crise financière (2006‐2008), les réactions du marché déclinent sensiblement dans la période postérieure à la crise (2009‐2914). Fait qui pourrait surprendre, les changements documentés dans le contenu en information ne sont pas attribuables aux déclarations répétées d'année en année mais résultent plutôt des nouvelles déclarations amorcées au cours de l'année considérée de même que, sur les marchés des options et des obligations, des déclarations interrompues de l'année précédente. Enfin, en utilisant l’écart z d'Altman comme mesure objective du risque de faillite, les auteurs constatent que le lien entre la déclaration des facteurs de risque et le risque de faillite ultérieure des sociétés décline de manière significative dans la période postérieure à la crise financière. Prises ensemble, ces observations contribuent au débat actuel sur l'efficacité de ces déclarations en soulignant le fait que la déclaration des facteurs de risque, qui avait une valeur informative dans la période précédente, livre moins d'information sur les risques économiques sous‐jacents, et donc renseigne moins les investisseurs, dans la période postérieure à la crise.

Suggested Citation

  • Anne Beatty & Lin Cheng & Haiwen Zhang, 2019. "Are Risk Factor Disclosures Still Relevant? Evidence from Market Reactions to Risk Factor Disclosures Before and After the Financial Crisis," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(2), pages 805-838, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:2:p:805-838
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12444
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    Cited by:

    1. Kevin C. Smith & Eric C. So, 2022. "Measuring Risk Information," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(2), pages 375-426, May.
    2. Allen H. Huang & Jianghua Shen & Amy Y. Zang, 2022. "The unintended benefit of the risk factor mandate of 2005," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 27(4), pages 1319-1355, December.
    3. Jeong‐Bon Kim & Jeff J. Wang & Eliza Xia Zhang, 2021. "Does real earnings smoothing reduce investors’ perceived risk?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(9-10), pages 1560-1595, October.
    4. Li, Guowen & Jing, Zhongbo & Li, Jingyu & Feng, Yuyao, 2023. "Drivers of risk correlation among financial institutions: A study based on a textual risk disclosure perspective," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    5. Jing Chen & Elaine Henry & Xi Jiang, 2023. "Is Cybersecurity Risk Factor Disclosure Informative? Evidence from Disclosures Following a Data Breach," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 187(1), pages 199-224, September.
    6. Juniarti, 2022. "Market Reaction to Capital Expenditure: Evidence from Company in Bankruptcy Risk ," GATR Journals afr220, Global Academy of Training and Research (GATR) Enterprise.
    7. Ibrahim, Salma & Li, Hao & Yan, Yan & Zhao, Jinsha, 2021. "Pay me a single figure! Assessing the impact of single figure regulation on CEO pay," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    8. M. J. Histen, 2022. "Taking Information Seriously: A Firm-side Interpretation of Risk Factor Disclosure," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 28(3), pages 119-131, November.
    9. Jerry W. Chen & Eunice S. Khoo & Zihang Peng, 2023. "Climate change disclosure and the information environment in the initial public offering market," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(S1), pages 907-952, April.
    10. Hrishikesh Desai, 2022. "Are Firms Biasing Stakeholder Expectations by Attributing Prior Poor Performance to COVID-19?," IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, , vol. 11(2), pages 171-182, July.

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