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Insider Trading Restrictions and Insiders’ Supply of Information: Evidence from Earnings Smoothing

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  • Ivy Xiying Zhang
  • Yong Zhang

Abstract

We exploit the setting of first‐time enforcement of insider trading laws to investigate the relationship between insider trading opportunities and insiders’ supply of information. Insider trading opportunities motivate insiders to reduce their supply of information by concealing firm performance, thereby increasing their information advantage over outsiders, resulting in higher insider trading profits. Using data from 40 countries over the 1988–2004 period, we find that reporting opacity, as captured by earnings smoothness, decreases significantly after the initial enforcement of insider trading laws in countries with strong legal institutions. The decrease in earnings smoothness is positively related to the strictness of insider trading laws. The decrease in earnings smoothness is also more pronounced for countries that have more persistent insider trading law enforcement and for countries that impose more severe penalties on insider trading cases. Further analyses show that the decrease in earnings smoothness following insider trading enforcement is concentrated among firms that are not closely held and among high‐growth firms. In addition to uncovering a channel through which insider trading restrictions affect the information environment, our evidence highlights the importance of country‐ and firm‐level governance structures in determining the consequences of insider trading restrictions. Les auteurs se servent du contexte de la mise en application initiale des lois relatives aux opérations d'initiés pour étudier la relation entre les possibilités de réaliser des opérations d'initiés et la communication d'information par les initiés. Les possibilités de réaliser des opérations d'initiés incitent les initiés à réduire l'information qu'ils communiquent en dissimulant la performance de l'entreprise, ce qui accroît l'avantage dont ils bénéficient par rapport aux tiers au chapitre de l'information et augmente les profits engendrés par les opérations d'initiés. L’étude de données provenant de 40 pays pour la période s’échelonnant de 1988 à 2004 révèle que l'opacité de l'information, dont témoigne le nivellement des résultats, diminue sensiblement après la mise en application initiale des lois relatives aux opérations d'initiés dans les pays où les institutions juridiques sont solides. La réduction du nivellement des résultats est en relation positive avec la rigueur des lois relatives aux opérations d'initiés. Elle est également plus marquée dans les pays qui affichent une plus grande persévérance dans l'application des lois relatives aux opérations d'initiés et dans ceux qui sanctionnent plus sévèrement les opérations d'initiés. Des analyses plus poussées indiquent que la réduction du nivellement des résultats à la suite de la mise en application des lois relatives aux opérations d'initiés s'observe principalement chez les entreprises qui ne sont pas des sociétés à actionnariat restreint et chez les sociétés à forte croissance. En plus de découvrir l'une des voies par lesquelles s'exerce l'influence des restrictions relatives aux opérations d'initiés sur l'environnement d'information, les auteurs mettent en lumière l'importance des structures de gouvernance des pays et des sociétés dans la détermination des conséquences des restrictions auxquelles sont assujetties les opérations d'initiés.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivy Xiying Zhang & Yong Zhang, 2018. "Insider Trading Restrictions and Insiders’ Supply of Information: Evidence from Earnings Smoothing," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 35(2), pages 898-929, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:35:y:2018:i:2:p:898-929
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12419
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    Cited by:

    1. Hu, Fang & Kusnadi, Yuanto & Wang, Jiwei & Wang, Yujie, 2022. "Insider trading restrictions and real activities earnings management: International evidence," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    2. Clacher, Iain & Garcia Osma, Beatriz & Scarlat, Elvira & Shields, Karin, 2021. "Do commonalities facilitate private information channels? Evidence from common gender and insider trading," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    3. Clarkson, Peter & Gao, Ru & Herbohn, Kathleen, 2020. "The relationship between a firm’s information environment and its cash holding decision," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(2).
    4. Minhang Deng & Yunyi Wang & Gaoliang Tian & Bozhi Xu & Yuyan Tang, 2023. "Institutional investors' corporate site visits and resource extraction: Evidence from China," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(5), pages 5211-5243, December.
    5. Li, Xiao, 2020. "The impact of economic policy uncertainty on insider trades: A cross-country analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 41-57.
    6. Feng Gao & Rong Zhong, 2023. "Information environment and interfirm alliance," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 643-677, February.

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