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How Does Transfer Pricing Risk Affect Premiums in Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions?

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  • Devan Mescall
  • Kenneth J. Klassen

Abstract

This study investigates how transfer pricing risk affects the premiums in cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Differences in the rigor of transfer pricing enforcement and the severity and clarity of rules across countries create differential risk of material costs for multinationals as they expand globally. We use 448 country‐level transfer pricing risk assessments by global transfer pricing partners and managers from two firms in 33 countries to develop a metric of country‐year transfer pricing risks. The resulting measure of transfer pricing risk is used to analyze the premiums of 3,103 cross‐border M&A from 2000 to 2012. We find that lower bid premiums are associated with higher transfer pricing risk in the target's country. We find the relation is stronger when expected future transfer pricing benefits are larger. Our results, consistent with the views of experts in the field, provide the first archival evidence that acquirers consider synergies created by future tax planning when estimating the value of a target. Les auteurs se demandent quelle est l'incidence du risque lié à l'établissement des prix de cession interne sur les primes dans les fusions et les acquisitions transfrontalières. Les différences entre pays dans la rigueur de l'application des principes d'établissement des prix de cession interne et dans la sévérité et la clarté des règles en la matière exposent les multinationales qui prennent de l'expansion à l'échelle mondiale au risque différentiel de devoir assumer des coûts importants. Les auteurs utilisent 448 évaluations du risque lié à l'établissement des prix de cession interne au niveau national, évaluations provenant d'associés et de directeurs de deux cabinets exerçant leurs activités dans 33 pays, afin d'élaborer un indicateur du risque lié à l'établissement des prix de cession interne, selon le pays et l'année. Cet indicateur de risque est ensuite utilisé pour analyser les primes de 3 103 fusions et acquisitions transfrontalières entre 2000 et 2012. Les auteurs constatent que les primes des offres plus basses sont associées à un risque plus élevé dans le pays de la société ciblée. Ils notent que ce lien est plus fort lorsque les avantages futurs prévus des prix de cession interne sont plus importants. Les résultats de l'étude, qui confirment le point de vue des experts dans le domaine, fournissent les premières preuves documentaires que les acquéreurs tiennent compte de la synergie que permettra la planification fiscale ultérieure lorsqu'ils estiment la valeur d'une société ciblée.

Suggested Citation

  • Devan Mescall & Kenneth J. Klassen, 2018. "How Does Transfer Pricing Risk Affect Premiums in Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 35(2), pages 830-865, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:35:y:2018:i:2:p:830-865
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12397
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    Cited by:

    1. Antonio De Vito & Martin Jacob & Dirk Schindler & Guosong Xu, 2023. "How Do Corporate Tax Hikes Affect Investment Allocation within Multinationals?," CESifo Working Paper Series 10272, CESifo.
    2. De Simone, Lisa & Klassen, Kenneth J. & Seidman, Jeri K., 2022. "The effect of income-shifting aggressiveness on corporate investment," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1).
    3. Elemes, Anastasios & Blaylock, Bradley & Spence, Crawford, 2021. "Tax-motivated profit shifting in big 4 networks: Evidence from Europe," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    4. S. Juranek & D. Schindler & A. Schneider, 2023. "Royalty taxation under tax competition and profit shifting," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 56(4), pages 1377-1412, November.
    5. Ruud Mooij & Li Liu, 2020. "At a Cost: The Real Effects of Transfer Pricing Regulations," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 68(1), pages 268-306, March.
    6. Alexander, Anna & De Vito, Antonio & Menicacci, Luca, 2024. "At what cost? Environmental regulation and corporate cash holdings," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    7. Athiphat Muthitacharoen & Krislert Samphantharak, 2022. "Multinational Tax Avoidance And Anti-Avoidance Enforcement: Firm-Level Evidence From Developing Asean Countries," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 67(06), pages 2049-2065, December.
    8. Todtenhaupt, Maximilian & Voget, Johannes, 2021. "International taxation and productivity effects of M&As," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    9. Sebastián Bustos & Dina Pomeranz & Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato & José Vila-Belda & Gabriel Zucman, 2022. "The Race Between Tax Enforcement and Tax Planning: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Chile," NBER Working Papers 30114, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Ciaramella, Laurie, 2023. "Taxation and the transfer of patents: Evidence from Europe," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    11. Col, Burcin & Errunza, Vihang, 2022. "Havenly acquisitions," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    12. Martina Baumann & Tobias Boehm & Bodo Knoll & Nadine Riedel, 2020. "Corporate Taxes, Patent Shifting, and Anti-avoidance Rules: Empirical Evidence," Public Finance Review, , vol. 48(4), pages 467-504, July.
    13. Chanont Banternghansa & Archawa Paweenawat & Krislert Samphantharak, 2019. "Understanding Corporate Thailand I: Finance," PIER Discussion Papers 112, Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research.
    14. Bazel-Shoham, Ofra & Lee, Sang Mook & Ahammad, Mohammad Faisal & Tarba, Shlomo Y. & Alon, Ilan, 2023. "IP protection and ownership in cross-border acquisitions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(3).
    15. Schulte Sasse, Katharina & Watrin, Christoph & Weiß, Falko, 2020. "The alignment between reported profits and real activity in times of the BEPS Action Plan," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
    16. Knoll, Bodo & Kruse-Becher, Sanne & Riedel, Nadine, 2023. "The impact of transfer pricing laws on import mis-pricing – Evidence from Denmark," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    17. Sven-Eric Bärsch & Jost Heckemeyer & Marcel Olbert, 2023. "Do firms with a centralized transfer pricing authority have more tax disputes and internal coordination conflicts?," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(8), pages 1415-1450, October.

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