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Women’s Worth: Trade, Female Income, and Fertility in India

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  • S Anukriti
  • Todd J. Kumler

Abstract

This paper shows that trade policy can have significant intergenerational distributional effects across gender and social strata. We compare women and births in rural Indian districts differentially exposed to the 1991 trade reform. For lower (higher) socioeconomic status women, the tariff cuts increased (decreased) fertility and decreased (increased) the sex ratio at birth and relative survival for girls in districts more exposed to tariff cuts relative to the national trend. Relative female income increased (decreased) for lower castes (upper castes) in districts experiencing a larger loss of protection. Meanwhile, total household expenditure relatively decreased for all castes, with larger declines for lower castes.

Suggested Citation

  • S Anukriti & Todd J. Kumler, 2019. "Women’s Worth: Trade, Female Income, and Fertility in India," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 67(3), pages 687-724.
    • Handle: RePEc:ucp:ecdecc:doi:10.1086/698306
    DOI: 10.1086/698306
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    Cited by:

    1. Laura Barros & Manuel Santos Silva, 2019. "#EleNão: Economic crisis, the political gender gap, and the election of Bolsonaro," Ibero America Institute for Econ. Research (IAI) Discussion Papers 242, Ibero-America Institute for Economic Research.
    2. Vincent Bignon & Cecilia Garcia-Peñalosa, 2018. "The Toll of Tariffs: Protectionism, Education and Fertility in Late 19th Century France," Working papers 690, Banque de France.
    3. Mansour, Hani & Medina, Pamela & Velásquez, Andrea, 2022. "Import competition and gender differences in labor reallocation," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    4. Azam, Mehtabul, 2022. "Trade Liberalization and Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Indian Census," IZA Discussion Papers 15286, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    5. Hani Mansour & Pamela Medina & Andrea Velásquez, 2022. "Import Competition and Gender Differences in Labor Reallocation," CESifo Working Paper Series 9639, CESifo.
    6. Bilge Erten & Pinar Keskin, 2024. "Trade-offs? The Impact of WTO Accession on Intimate Partner Violence in Cambodia," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 106(2), pages 322-333, March.
    7. Arora, Diksha & Braunstein, Elissa & Seguino, Stephanie, 2023. "A macro analysis of gender segregation and job quality in Latin America," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).

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