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Hub dependence in constrained economies: the case of North Korea

Author

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  • César Ducruet

Abstract

While the geographical and economic factors concerning the development of hub ports are widely described by a variety of scholars and professionals, there is no recognized methodology measuring the hub dependence of a given port, region, or country. Based on a 20-year database of vessel movements, this paper proposes a methodology measuring hub dependence. North Korea offers a good case of a constrained economy facing dramatic internal and external pressures. Notably, the weight and geographical extent of its maritime connections are worth analysing because of its contrasted evolution from Soviet influence, geopolitical isolation, and growing trade due to economic reforms and increased foreign investments. The main results of this study show the spatial shift from long-distance calls to feeder calls: global foreland contraction, regionalization within Northeast Asia, and traffic concentration upon closest hubs of which South Korean ports. We conclude that hub dependence is a combination of local constraints and trade growth. The political implications of this phenomenon are explored, and a spatial model of hub dependence is proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • César Ducruet, 2008. "Hub dependence in constrained economies: the case of North Korea," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(4), pages 377-394, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:marpmg:v:35:y:2008:i:4:p:377-394
    DOI: 10.1080/03088830802198241
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    Cited by:

    1. González Laxe, Fernando & Jesus Freire Seoane, Maria & Pais Montes, Carlos, 2012. "Maritime degree, centrality and vulnerability: port hierarchies and emerging areas in containerized transport (2008–2010)," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 33-44.
    2. César Ducruet & Faraz Zaidi, 2012. "Maritime constellations: A complex network approach to shipping and ports," Post-Print halshs-00551207, HAL.
    3. César Ducruet, 2020. "The geography of maritime networks: A critical review," Post-Print halshs-02922543, HAL.
    4. Laure Rousset & César Ducruet, 2020. "Disruptions in Spatial Networks: a Comparative Study of Major Shocks Affecting Ports and Shipping Patterns," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 423-447, June.
    5. Pais Montes, Carlos & Freire Seoane, Maria Jesus & González Laxe, Fernando, 2012. "General cargo and containership emergent routes: A complex networks description," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 126-140.
    6. César Ducruet, 2016. "The polarization of global container flows by interoceanic canals: geographic coverage and network vulnerability," Post-Print halshs-00749639, HAL.
    7. Bahana Wiradanti & Stephen Pettit & Andrew Potter & Wessam Abouarghoub, 2020. "Willingness to invest in peripheral ports: perceptions of Indonesian port and maritime industry stakeholders," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 22(4), pages 699-714, December.
    8. Shraddha Praharaj & T. Donna Chen & Faria T. Zahura & Madhur Behl & Jonathan L. Goodall, 2021. "Estimating impacts of recurring flooding on roadway networks: a Norfolk, Virginia case study," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 107(3), pages 2363-2387, July.
    9. Nadia M. Trent & Johan W. Joubert & Minh Kieu, 2025. "The Policy Potential of Monitoring Market Proximal Maritime Connectivity Over Time: The Case of Aotearoa New Zealand," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 67-94, March.
    10. César Ducruet, 2023. "Shipping network analysis: state-of-the-art and application to the global financial crisis," Post-Print halshs-04588340, HAL.
    11. Laure Rousset & César Ducruet, 2020. "Disruptions in Spatial Networks: a Comparative Study of Major Shocks Affecting Ports and Shipping Patterns," Post-Print halshs-02588551, HAL.
    12. Mohamed-Chérif, Fatima & Ducruet, César, 2016. "Regional integration and maritime connectivity across the Maghreb seaport system," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 280-293.
    13. Achilleas Tsantis & John Mangan & Agustina Calatayud & Roberto Palacin, 2023. "Container shipping: a systematic literature review of themes and factors that influence the establishment of direct connections between countries," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 25(4), pages 667-697, December.
    14. Ducruet, César & Rozenblat, Céline & Zaidi, Faraz, 2010. "Ports in multi-level maritime networks: evidence from the Atlantic (1996–2006)," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 508-518.
    15. Freire Seoane, Maria Jesus & González Laxe, Fernando & Pais Montes, Carlos, 2013. "Foreland determination for containership and general cargo ports in Europe (2007–2011)," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 56-67.
    16. Ducruet, César & Roussin, Stanislas & Jo, Jin-Cheol, 2009. "Going West? Spatial polarization of the North Korean port system," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 357-368.
    17. César Ducruet & Liehui Wang, 2018. "China’s Global Shipping Connectivity: Internal and External Dynamics in the Contemporary Era (1890–2016)," Post-Print halshs-01832319, HAL.
    18. Martin, Bárbara Polo & Faure, Marc-Antoine & Cremaschini, Fabio & Ducruet, César, 2025. "Shipping trade and geopolitical turmoil," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    19. Ducruet, César, 2020. "The geography of maritime networks: A critical review," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    20. César Ducruet & Theo E. Notteboom, 2023. "A systematic and critical review of port system research," Post-Print halshs-04194563, HAL.

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