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A Quantitative Comparison of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Social Entrepreneurship Organizations in Context

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  • SOPHIE BACQ
  • CHANTAL HARTOG
  • BRIGITTE HOOGENDOORN

Abstract

This study empirically addresses the differences between social and commercial entrepreneurship by using the largest available quantitative data source, namely the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2009 survey on social entrepreneurship in Belgium and The Netherlands. We use a combination of exploratory statistical analyses and qualitative techniques to generate propositions on the organizations and initiatives that social entrepreneurs are involved in and contrast them with our understanding of commercial entrepreneurs. This study contributes to answer the call for more quantitative research and simultaneously argues that, despite the potential contribution of large-scale data, the validity and reliability of measurement instruments cannot be seen independently from their particular context. With this important observation in mind, our findings indicate a predominance of younger social organizations or initiatives that rely to a great extent on government funding, whereas earned income is limited. Furthermore, social entrepreneurs show less ambition in terms of employment growth and progression to more mature stages of the entrepreneurial process compared with commercial entrepreneurs.

Suggested Citation

  • Sophie Bacq & Chantal Hartog & Brigitte Hoogendoorn, 2013. "A Quantitative Comparison of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Social Entrepreneurship Organizations in Context," Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(1), pages 40-68, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jsocen:v:4:y:2013:i:1:p:40-68
    DOI: 10.1080/19420676.2012.758653
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    1. Mair, Johanna & Marti, Ignasi, 2004. "Social entrepreneurship: What are we talking about? A framework for future research," IESE Research Papers D/546, IESE Business School.
    2. Hoogendoorn, B. & van der Zwan, P.W. & Thurik, A.R., 2011. "Social Entrepreneurship and Performance: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2011-016-ORG, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
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    5. Philipp Kruse & Florian Rosing, 2023. "An Experimental Investigation of Perceived Differences in Personality and Leadership Attributes of Social Entrepreneurs Compared to for Profit Entrepreneurs and Non-Profit Organisations Leaders," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 32(1), pages 75-110, March.
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    8. Diana M. Hechavarría, 2016. "The impact of culture on national prevalence rates of social and commercial entrepreneurship," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 12(4), pages 1025-1052, December.
    9. MD Nazmul Islam & Wilson Ozuem & Gordon Bowen & Michelle Willis & Raye Ng, 2021. "An Empirical Investigation and Conceptual Model of Perceptions, Support, and Barriers to Marketing in Social Enterprises in Bangladesh," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-20, January.
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    11. Professor Dr. Pradip Kumar Panday & Md Golam Rabbani & Md Mahbub Alam Prodip, 2022. "Can Social Business Tackle the Water Crisis in Bangladesh? An Analysis from Social Inclusion Perspective," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 6(12), pages 808-815, December.
    12. Diana M. Hechavarría & Siri A. Terjesen & Amy E. Ingram & Maija Renko & Rachida Justo & Amanda Elam, 2017. "Taking care of business: the impact of culture and gender on entrepreneurs’ blended value creation goals," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 48(1), pages 225-257, January.
    13. Etayankara Muralidharan & Saurav Pathak, 2019. "Consequences of Cultural Leadership Styles for Social Entrepreneurship: A Theoretical Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-19, February.
    14. Sahasranamam, Sreevas & Nandakumar, M.K., 2020. "Individual capital and social entrepreneurship: Role of formal institutions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 104-117.
    15. Brigitte Hoogendoorn & Peter Zwan & Roy Thurik, 2019. "Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 157(4), pages 1133-1154, July.
    16. Habib Kachlami & Per Davidsson & Martin Obschonka & Darush Yazdanfar & Anders Lundström, 2021. "The regional employment effects of new social firm entry," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(3), pages 1221-1241, October.
    17. Sahasranamam, Sreevas & Nandakumar, M.K. & Pereira, Vijay & Temouri, Yama, 2021. "Knowledge capital in social and commercial entrepreneurship: Investigating the role of informal institutions," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(1).
    18. Philipp Kruse, 2021. "Exploring International and Inter-Sector Differences of Social Enterprises in the UK and India," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-18, May.
    19. Sophie Bacq & Chantal Hartog & Brigitte Hoogendoorn, 2016. "Beyond the Moral Portrayal of Social Entrepreneurs: An Empirical Approach to Who They Are and What Drives Them," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 133(4), pages 703-718, February.
    20. Florian Lückenbach & Holger J. Schmidt & Jörg Henseler, 2023. "Building brand meaning in social entrepreneurship organizations: the social impact brand model," Journal of Brand Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 30(3), pages 207-226, May.
    21. Alexandra Graddy-Reed, 2021. "Decisions of firm risk and the role of organizational identity," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 1-21, June.
    22. Mendoza-Abarca, Karla I. & Anokhin, Sergey & Zamudio, César, 2015. "Uncovering the influence of social venture creation on commercial venture creation: A population ecology perspective," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 30(6), pages 793-807.
    23. Nuria Toledano, 2020. "Promoting Ethical Reflection in the Teaching of Social Entrepreneurship: A Proposal Using Religious Parables," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 164(1), pages 115-132, June.
    24. De Beule, Filip & Klein, Martin & Verwaal, Ernst, 2020. "Institutional quality and inclusive strategies at the base of the pyramid," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(5).

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