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The role of tourism, and natural resources in the energy-pollution-growth nexus: an analysis of belt and road initiative countries

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  • Xiaohai Sun
  • Yang Chenggang
  • Anwar Khan
  • Jamal Hussain
  • Sadia Bano

Abstract

The current study brings natural resources, and tourism into the energy-growth, and environment nexus using the STIRPAT model for 88 BRI countries over 1995–2015. Considering the endogeneity, cross-sectional dependence, and slope homogeneity, this study employed dynamic GMM and D&K estimators for three distinct structural equations. For the CO2 equation, the empirical outcomes supported the EKC, energy lead emission, natural resource-based CO2 emissions, and tourism-led CO2 emissions, and on the other hand, renewable energy helps to curb environmental degradation. For the GDP equation, the role of energy, CO2 emissions, tourism development, and renewable energy is positive and contributes significantly to economic growth. The impact of natural resources is negative and significant, thus postulating the “resource curse phenomenon” in BRI countries. For the energy equation, CO2, GDP, and natural resources are escalating energy consumption; while, renewable energy is negatively affecting energy, which indicates that growth in renewable energy tends to discourage the consumption of fossil fuel-based energy in the BRI countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaohai Sun & Yang Chenggang & Anwar Khan & Jamal Hussain & Sadia Bano, 2021. "The role of tourism, and natural resources in the energy-pollution-growth nexus: an analysis of belt and road initiative countries," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 64(6), pages 999-1020, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jenpmg:v:64:y:2021:i:6:p:999-1020
    DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2020.1796607
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    Cited by:

    1. Tzai-Chiao Lee & Muhammad Khalid Anser & Abdelmohsen A. Nassani & Mohamed Haffar & Khalid Zaman & Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro, 2021. "Managing Natural Resources through Sustainable Environmental Actions: A Cross-Sectional Study of 138 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-19, November.
    2. Li, Tianqun & Chen, Yuhan & Zhou, Liangxiao, 2023. "Impact of trade, technology, and tourism on resources depletion across Belt and Road Node countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    3. Abderrazek Ben Hamouda, 2023. "Revisiting the Causality between Oil Prices and Stock Markets in Selected MENA Countries: A Bootstrap Rolling-window Approach," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 13(5), pages 109-118, September.
    4. Peng Yuelan & Muhammad Waqas Akbar & Zeenat Zia & Muhammad Imran Arshad, 2022. "Exploring the nexus between tax revenues, government expenditures, and climate change: empirical evidence from Belt and Road Initiative countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 1365-1395, August.
    5. Uktam Umurzakov & Shakhnoza Tosheva & Raufhon Salahodjaev, 2023. "Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development: Evidence from Belt and Road Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 14(1), pages 503-516, March.
    6. Jiang, Qingquan & Rahman, Zia Ur & Zhang, Xiaosan & Guo, Zhiqin & Xie, Qiaosheng, 2022. "An assessment of the impact of natural resources, energy, institutional quality, and financial development on CO2 emissions: Evidence from the B&R nations," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    7. Sidong Zhao & Yiran Yan & Jing Han, 2021. "Industrial Land Change in Chinese Silk Road Cities and Its Influence on Environments," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-30, July.
    8. Liu, Yang & Wang, Jianda & Dong, Kangyin & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad, 2023. "How does natural resource abundance affect green total factor productivity in the era of green finance? Global evidence," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    9. Shi, Lumin & Udemba, Edmund Ntom & Emir, Firat & Khan, Nazakat Ullah & Hussain, Sadam & Boukhris, Imed, 2023. "Mediating role of finance amidst resource and energy policies in carbon control: A sustainable development study of Saudi Arabia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).

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