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Women's Economic Participation on the Eve of Industrialization: Bizkaia, Spain, 1825

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  • Pilar Pérez-Fuentes

Abstract

This contribution discusses, from the regional perspective of Bizkaia, Spain, adult women's labor force participation prior to industrialization, including the impact of economic, social, and demographic variables, such as family life cycle, marriage, and the presence of minor children in the household. Women's high level of participation -- 68.6 percent for the entire province -- varies considerably, depending on local economic conditions. Job opportunities for women and socioeconomic characteristics of households act as first-order explanatory factors. Women in proto-industrial economies, like Bizkaia's, which combined the extraction, transport, and marketing of iron with agriculture and fishing, show greater participation. Demand for women's labor was linked to jobs without recognized qualifications. The association of women's participation with demographic variables is not manifest in the historical data. The results show that supply factors do not explain the variance in women's activity.

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  • Pilar Pérez-Fuentes, 2013. "Women's Economic Participation on the Eve of Industrialization: Bizkaia, Spain, 1825," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(4), pages 160-180, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:femeco:v:19:y:2013:i:4:p:160-180
    DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2013.834068
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    1. Ogilvie, Sheilagh, 2003. "A Bitter Living: Women, Markets, and Social Capital in Early Modern Germany," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198205548, Decembrie.
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